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Chapter 6:Energy,enzymes and metabolism, Chapter 3:The Chemical Basis of…
Chapter 6:Energy,enzymes and metabolism
Reusing Organic
Molecules
Proteasome: A big complex that uses protease enzymes to break down proteins
An amino acid's link is broken by proteases. Ubiquitin marks proteins to be broken down and recycled by the proteasome. The cellular process of ubiquitin tagging enables the degradation of misfolded proteins. quickly break down proteins in response to shifting cellular environments
mRNA Degradation:
1-Exonucleases are enzymes that cut nucleotides off at the end.
2-Exosomes: Exonucleases are used by multiprotein complexes
Hydrolases are found in lysosomes, which aid in the breakdown of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Break down materials that endocytosis takes up.
Autophagy: utilizing an autophagosome to recycle deteriorated organelles
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Metabolism
Anabolic Pathway: Cellular components synthesized. Endergonic Reaction and Exergonic Reaction Must Be Coupled
reactions involving biosynthesis
Make bigger macromolecules or smaller molecules unavailable from diet Utilize intermediary energy sources (ATP or NADH) to power processes
Metabolic pathway regulation: Gene regulation
Activate or deactivate genes cellular control hormone-like mechanisms for cell signaling. Biological control Early stages are inhibited by feedback inhibition, a pathway product, to avoid overexposure and excessive buildup.
Feedback inhibition:
When the end product concentration rises, it will bind to enzyme 1 and alter its conformation, preventing the enzyme from converting the original substrate into intermediate 1.
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Energy
ATP hydrolysis: Numerous biological functions are powered by the energy released during this process.
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The first law of thermodynamics states that although energy cannot be generated or destroyed, it can change into different forms.
The second law of thermodynamics states that a system's entropy increases when energy is transferred from one form to another.
1-Exergonic = spontaneous(negative free energy)releases energy
2-Endergonic = not spontaneous(positive free charge) requires enrgy to complete the reaction
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Chapter 5: Membrane Structure,Synthesis and Transport
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extra information
cytosis active transport
endocytosis
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receptor mediated endocytosis, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis
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chapter8 :Photosynthesis
extra information
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H+ gradient
enhanced by ETC pumping H+ into the lumen , enhanced by H2O oxidation
photosynthesis facts
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enhanced by less light intensity, more temperature and more
water vapor
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light reactions:uses energy ,produces ATP, NADPH and O2
cyclic
requires PS 1 ,produces ATP
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non cyclic
requires both PS 1 and 2 ,begins at PS 2
starts by breakdown of H2O ,reaction centres P680 and P700
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Dark Reactions
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CAM
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opens stomata at night ,closes stomata during day to conserve water
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chloroplast:1-carries out photosynthesis 2-has pigments that enable maximum absorbance of light 3-contained by mesophylls
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