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General Features of Cells - Coggle Diagram
General Features of Cells
Prokaryotes:
Bacteria
Small cells
, 1 μm – 10 μm in diameter.
Very
abundant
in environment and our bodies.
Vast majority are
not harmful
to humans, but there is some species cause
disease
.
Inside
the plasma membrane:
Nucleoid region:
where
DNA
is located.
Ribosomes:
synthesize
proteins
.
Cytoplasm:
contained
within
plasma membrane.
Outside
the plasma membrane:
Cell wall:
provides
support
and
protection
.
Glycocalyx:
traps water,
gives protection
,
help evade immune system
.
Appendages:
pilli
(attachment)
,
flagella
(movement)
.
Archaea
small
cells, 1 μm – 10 μm in diameter.
found in
extreme environments
.
Eukaryotes:
Animal cell:
Plasma membrane:
Membrane that controls movement of substances into and out of the cell; site of
cell signaling
.
Boundary
between the cell and the extracellular environment
Functions:
Cell signaling
using receptors.
Cell adhesion
.
Membrane transport
in and out of cell, with selective permeability.
Cytosol:
Site of many
metabolic pathways
.
Region of a eukaryotic cell that is outside the cell organelles but inside the
plasma membrane
.
like:
Endomembrane system, Semiautonomous organelles
And it is the
central coordinating region for metabolic activities
of eukaryotic cells
Chromatin:
A complex of
protein and DNA
.
Golgi apparatus:
Site of
modification, sorting, and secretion
of lipids and proteins
.
Also called the
Golgi body
,
Golgi complex
, or
simply Golgi
.
Vesicles
transport materials
between stacks
Stack of flattened, membrane-bounded compartments.
Functions:
Secretion, processing, and protein sorting.
Ribosome:
Site of
polypeptide synthesis
.
Peroxisome:
Site where hydrogen peroxide and other harmful molecules are
broken down
.
Catalyze
certain reactions that
break down
molecules by
removing hydrogen or adding oxygen
.
Lysosome:
Site where macromolecules are
degraded
.
Contain
acid hydrolases
that perform hydrolysis.
Autophagy:
Recycling of
worn-out organelles
through endocytosis.
Cytoskeleton:
Protein filaments that provide
shape and aid in movement
.
three types of
protein filaments
:
Intermediate filaments
Intermediate in size
.
Form twisted, ropelike structure
.
Actin filaments
known as microfilaments.
Long, thin fibers
.
Microtubules
Long, hollow cylindrical structures
.
Dynamic instability
.
Nucleolus:
Site for
ribosome subunit assembly
.
Mitochondrion:
Site of
ATP synthesis
.
Primary role is to
make ATP
.
involved in the
synthesis, modification, and breakdown
of several types of cellular molecules.
Contain their
own DNA
, divide by
binary fission
.
2- Mitochondrion begins to
divide by binary fission
.
3- Binary fission is completed.
1-Mitochondrial genome
replicates
.
Nuclear envelope:
Double membrane that
encloses the nucleus
.
Outer membrane
of the nuclear envelope is
continuous with the ER membrane
.
Smooth ER:
Site of
detoxification and lipid synthesis
.
Nucleus:
Area where most of the
genetic material
is organized and expressed.
Rough ER:
Site of
protein sorting and secretion
.
Nuclear pore:
Passageway
for molecules into and out of the nucleus.
Centrosome:
Site where
microtubules grow
and
centrioles are found
.
Plant cell:
Has the same organelles of Animal Cells but there is some differences. the following organelles is not exist in the animal cells.
Chloroplast:
Site of
photosynthesis
.
Contain their
own DNA
, divide by
binary fission
.
Capture light energy and use some of that energy to
synthesize organic molecules
such as
glucose
.
Central vacuole:
Site that
provides storage
;
regulation of cell volume
.
Cell wall:
Structure that
provides cell
.
Endomembrane System:
Network of membranes enclosing the
nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes
, and
vacuoles
. Also include
Plasma membrane
.
connected to each other
or
pass materials
via
vesicles
.
Materials within the nucleus
are not part of the endomembrane system.
Molecular synthesis and breakdown:
Sum of all
chemical reactions
by cells:
Catabolism
Breakdown
of a molecule into smaller components
Anabolism
Synthesis
of cellular molecules and macromolecules
Endoplasmic reticulum
Network of membranes
that form flattened, fluid-filled tubules or cisternae.
ER membrane encloses a single compartment called the
ER lumen
.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
(rough ER)
.
Studded with ribosomes
.
Involved in protein synthesis and sorting
.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(smooth ER)
.
Lacks ribosomes.
Detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism, calcium balance, synthesis, and modification of lipids
.
