Biome of Arctic tundra Adaptions of Emperor Penguins (Vertebrate)

Origin of Vertebrates - Deuterostomia

First arose in oceans

Chordates ancestor all the way to Tetrpods and Amniotes

Tiktaalik Fossil

evidence of inbetween fish and tetrapod

Having both eyes and a neck along with scales and fins

Neoproterozoic Era

Emperor Penguin

Paleozoic Era

More recent era – Mesozoic and Cenozoic Era

Number of traits like Notochord among other qualities that evolved, like limbs and digits, along with Amniotic eggs

Arctic Tundra

only found in the Antarcita

Youngest biome, about 10,00 years ago

Includes the Northern Hemisphere, from ice caps of the North Pole

Severe weather, with snowfall for nine months out of the year

Cambrian explosion , rapid diversification of animals and some extinction due to changes in atmosphere

Summer months plant exposed to sunlight

Have many adaptations to survive harsh conditions of the Arctic tundra

To stop heat loss, they have two layers of feather and sorter beaks and flippers

These birds were able to fly thousands of years ago, but they have since evolved, and now they utilize their fins to help them swim rather than fly.

Have feathers on legs to keep ankles warm

Another adaptation, their feet have fats that keep them from freezing, and their claws allow them to firmly grip the ice

Amniotes make up mammals and replies

Have extra embryonic membranes

Includes characteristics like scales made up of keratin, lays eggs on land, internal fertilization, and are considered cold blooded

Group of Amphibia Reptilia include birds and reptiles

includes yolk sac, chorion, allantois, amnion

Females use fins to dive and search for food, while Male incubate the eggs balanced between feet

Between May and June Females lay egg

earliest known bird is Archaeopteryx, distance ancestor or penguin

Fossil recovered from Antarctic Peninsula

Mega penguin another ancestor of emperor penguin

Only surface layer of the soil is able to thaw about midsummer, layer of frozen soil that grows before permafrost

Females search for food in ocean because the ground is frozen