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Organic Molecules - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Pentoses: 5 carbon atoms. e.g: Ribose (C5H10O5), Deoxyribose (C5H10O4)
      - Hexose: 6 carbon atoms. e.g: Glucose (C6H12O6)
    - - Ring:
      - Linear:
    - - Structural isomers: Different arrangement of same elements example: Glucose and galactose
      - Stereoisomers:
        
        α- and β-glucose: Hydroxyl group of carbon 1 is above or below ring
        
        D- and L-glucose: Enantiomers with mirror image structure
  - - - Energy storage – starch, glycogen.
      - Structural – cellulose, chitin, glycosaminoglycans.
- - - - Carboxy + amino forms peptide bond.
  - - - The linear sequence of amino
        acids, Amino acid sequence
        Encoded directly by genes.
    - - Certain sequences of amino acids form hydrogen bonds that cause the region to fold into a spiral (α helix) or sheet (β pleated sheet).
    - - Secondary structures and random coiled regions fold into a 3-dimensional shape, and this is the final level of structure for a single polypeptide chain.
    - - Two or more polypeptides may bind to each other to form a functional protein.
- - - - all carbons linked by single bonds.
      - solid at room temperature.
    - - contain one or more double bonds.
      - liquid at room temperature, known as oils.
      - Cis forms naturally; trans formed artificially.
      - Trans fats are linked to disease.
  - - - Phosphate head: polar / hydrophilic.
      - Fatty acid tail: nonpolar / hydrophobic.
- - - - Stores genetic information encoded in the sequence of nucleotide monomers.
    - - Decodes DNA into instructions for linking together a specific sequence of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.