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MINDMAP FOR MIDTERM, José Gabriel Segovia - Coggle Diagram
MINDMAP FOR MIDTERM
TOO VS ENOUGH
TOO
STRUCTURE: Too + Adjective/Adverb + (for) + Noun/Verb
EXAMPLES
The coffee is too hot to drink.
She speaks English, but it's too fast for me to understand.
He ate too much pizza.
USE: 1. To express an excessive amount or degree.
Indicating a negative consequence or result.
ENOUGH
STRUCTURE: Adjective/Adverb + Enough + (for) + Noun/Verb
EXAMPLES:
The soup is hot enough to eat now.
She is old enough to drive.
Do you have enough time to finish the task?
USE: 1. To express a satisfactory amount or degree.
Indicating sufficiency or adequacy.
ZERO AND FIRST CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL
STRUCTURE: If + Present Simple, Present Simple.
EXAMPLES: 1. If water reaches 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.
If you mix blue and yellow, you get green.
USE: 1. Expressing general truths or facts.
Describing situations that are always true
FIRST CONDITIONAL
STRUCTURE: If + Present Simple, Future Simple (will + base verb).
EXAMPLES: 1. If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
USE: 1. Expressing real or likely future situations.
Discussing possible outcomes based on a condition.
MODIFYING COMPARISONS
Almost or Nearly:
STRUCTURE: (Subject) + (Verb) + almost/nearly + Adjective/Adverb + (as) + (Subject) + (Verb).
EXAMPLES: 1. He is almost as tall as his brother.
She speaks nearly as many languages as her friend.
USE: 1. Indicating a very close degree or amount.
Suggesting proximity in a comparison.
Nowhere Near:
STRUCTURE: (Subject) + (Verb) + nowhere near + Adjective/Adverb + (as) + (Subject) + (Verb).
EXAMPLES: 1. Her cooking skills are nowhere near as good as her grandmother's.
The team's performance was nowhere near the expected level.
USE: 1. Expressing a significant difference.
Emphasizing the lack of similarity in a comparison.
A Whole Lot/Much:
STRUCTURE: (Subject) + (Verb) + a whole lot/much + Adjective/Adverb + (than) + (Subject) + (Verb).
EXAMPLES: 1. The new car is much faster than the old one.
She is a whole lot more experienced than her colleagues.
USE: 1. Emphasizing a significant degree or amount.
Adding intensity to comparisons.
By Far:
STRUCTURE: (Subject) + (Verb) + by far + Adjective/Adverb + (than) + (Subject) + (Verb).
EXAMPLES: 1. This is by far the best movie I've seen this year.
She is by far the most dedicated employee in the company.
USE: 1. Emphasizing a clear distinction or superiority.
Indicating a significant difference in a comparison.
A Little or A bit
STRUCTURE: (Subject) + (Verb) + a little/bit + Adjective/Adverb + (than) + (Subject) + (Verb).
EXAMPLES: 1. She is a bit more patient than her sister.
He spoke a little louder than usual.
USE: 1. To indicate a small degree or amount.
Adding a subtle modification to comparisons.
TENSE REVIEW
PRESENT PERFECT
USES
Unspecified time in the past.
Actions that started in the past and continue to the present.
Recently completed actions.
STRUCTURE & EXAMPLES
Affirmative:
Subject + Have/Has + Past Participle.
Example:
We have traveled to many countries.
Negative:
Subject + Have/Has + Not + Past Participle.
Example:
She has not seen that movie.
Interrogative:
Have/Has + Subject + Past Participle?.
Example:
Have you ever been to Asia?
PRESENT CONTINUOS
STRUCTURE & EXAMPLES
Affirmative:
Subject + Am/Is/Are + Present Participle.
Example:
They are playing in the park.
Negative:
Subject + Am/Is/Are + Not + Present Participle.
Example:
She is not working today.
Interrogative:
Am/Is/Are + Subject + Present Participle?.
Example:
Are you coming to the party?
USES
Actions happening now.
Temporary actions.
Future arrangements.
SIMPLE PAST
STRUCTURE & EXAMPLES
Affirmative:
Subject + Past Verb.
Example:
I visited Paris last summer.
Negative:
Subject + Did + Not + Base Verb.
Example:
He did not finish his homework.
Interrogative:
Did + Subject + Base Verb?.
Example:
Did she enjoy the movie?
USES
Completed actions in the past.
Past habits.
Past facts.
Sequences of events in the past.
PAST CONTINUOS
STRUCTURE & EXAMPLES
Affirmative:
Subject + Was/Were + Present Participle.
Example:
He was studying when the phone rang.
Negative:
Subject + Was/Were + Not + Present Participle.
Example:
They were not watching TV at that time.
Interrogative:
Was/Were + Subject + Present Participle?
Example:
Were you sleeping when I called?
USES
Actions in progress at a specific time in the past.
Interrupted actions in the past.
SIMPLE PRESENT
STRUCTURE & EXAMPLES
Affirmative:
Subject + Base Verb (+s/es for third person singular)
Example:
She plays the piano.
Negative:
Subject + Do/Does + Not + Base Verb.
Example:
They do not eat meat.
Interrogative:
Do/Does + Subject + Base Verb?
Example:
Do you like coffee?
USES
General facts and truths.
Habits and routines.
Scheduled events.
Permanent situations.
Universal truths.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOS
STRUCTURE & EXAMPLES
Affirmative:
Subject + Have/Has + Been + Present Participle.
Example:
She has been working on the project.
Negative:
Subject + Have/Has + Not + Been + Present Participle.
Example:
We have not been waiting for long.
Interrogative:
Have/Has + Subject + Been + Present Participle?.
Example:
Have you been studying all night?
USES
Emphasizes the duration of an action.
Continuous actions that started in the past and continue to the present.
STATIVE AND DYNAMIC VERBS
STATIVE VERBS
STRUCTURE: Stative verbs typically do not use continuous (progressive) forms. They are usually used in simple tenses.
EXAMPLES
I
know
the answer.
(Expressing knowledge)
She
owns
a beautiful house.
(Indicating possession)
He
loves
playing the guitar.
(Expressing a state of emotion)
They
believe
in equality.
(Expressing a belief)
USES
Expressing states, conditions, or situations.
Describing thoughts, emotions, senses, or ownership.
Indicating beliefs, opinions, or possession.
Relating to relationships and states of being.
DYNAMIC VERBS
STRUCTURE: Dynamic verbs can be used in continuous (progressive) forms to emphasize the ongoing nature of the action
EXAMPLES
She
is reading
a book.
(Ongoing action)
They
are building
a new house.
(Describing a process)
He
plays
the piano beautifully.
(General action)
We
are discussing
the project.
(Ongoing activity)
USES
Actions and activities that have a clear beginning and end.
Describing processes, changes, or ongoing actions.
Actions that can be observed or measured.
CLAUSES
UNTIL
STRUCTURE: Main Clause + until + Subordinate Clause (Subject + Verb)
EXAMPLES: 1. Wait here until I come back.
They will stay at the party until midnight.
USE: 1. Expressing a duration of time.
Indicating the time when something will happen.
WHEN
STRUCTURE: Subordinate Clause (Subject + Verb) + Main Clause
EXAMPLES: 1. She called me when she arrived.
I'll be happy when I finish my work.
USE: 1. Referring to a specific time.
Indicating a condition.
AFTER
STRUCTURE: Subordinate Clause (After + Subject + Verb) + Main Clause
EXAMPLES: 1. He went to bed after he finished his homework.
We'll go for a walk after dinner.
USE: 1. Indicating a sequence of events.
Following a specified time or action.
BEFORE
STRUCTURE: Subordinate Clause (Subject + Verb) + Main Clause
EXAMPLES: 1. Finish your homework before you go out.
I'll eat lunch before I leave for work.
USE: 1. Indicating a previous point in time.
Expressing a condition that must be fulfilled.
WITH
STRUCTURE
EXAMPLES:
She danced with joy.
He walked to the park with his friends.
USE
Describing simultaneous actions or conditions.
Indicating accompanying circumstances.
ONCE
STRUCTURE: Subordinate Clause (Subject + Verb) + Main Clause
EXAMPLES: 1. I'll call you once I reach the office.
Read the instructions once you open the package.
USE: 1. Indicating a specific point in time.
Referring to an event that will happen after a particular condition is met.
José Gabriel Segovia