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Structures of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell, enzymes only. - Coggle…
Structures of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
Flagella
Function
Motility through propeller-like rotation.
Eukaryotes: mobility through whip-like
action.
Description
Long filaments with cylindrical structure and hollow core.
Monotrichous = one end of baterium.
Amphitrichous = each end.
Peritrichous = distributed over cell surface.
Eukaryotes: microtubules make up flagella, ATP provides energy for movement of eukaryotic flagella.
DNA/Chromosome
Description
Single chromosome
Function
Carries genetic information inherited from past generations.
Capsule or slime layer (Glycocalyx)
Description
Coating that protects cell and helps bacteria t adhere to its environment.
Function
Forms capsule to protect pathogens.
To glide or slide along solid surfaces.
Assist in attaching it to other surfaces.
Cell Wall
Description
Peptidoglycan = provides strength of cell wall, basis for Gram staining for bacteria identification.
Eukaryotes: vertebrates do not have cell wall, but plants do.
Function
Protects cell from physical and chemical damage and gives shape.
Similar to Prokaryotic Cells
Pili (fimbriae)
Description
Appendage for attachment to other surfaces, and important for genetic recombination.
More rigid than flagella.
Short common pili and sex pili
Function
Motility through twitching across solid surface.
Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane
Description
Enzymes
Phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates
Similar to Prokaryotic Cells
Function
Regulates movement of chemicals in and out of the cell.
Protects cell from surrounding environment changes.
Important to cellular respiration.
Eukaryotic Function: enclosed cell and hold it intact.
Inclusions
Description
Non-living chemical compounds and by-products of cellular metabolism.
In bacteria = metachromatic granules.
Eukaryotes: non-living chemical compounds and by-products of cellular metabolism, lipid inclusions
and polysaccharides granule.
Function
Mainly formed to store reserve materials.
Eukaryotes: animal cell - store fats and
sugars that are ready for
cellular respiration, plant cell = store granules.
Plasmid
Description
Extra chromosomal DNA.
Contains genes obtained through genetic recombination.
Function
Carry genes that confer protective properties.
Outer Membrane
Function
Protects cell against some antibiotics.
Ribosome
Description
Two subunits = ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) and ribosomal proteins.
Targets of antibacterial agents whereby it will interfere with protein synthesis.
Eukaryotes: ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins, either attach to rough ER or float freely in cytoplasm.
Function
Site of protein synthesis
Eukaryotes: site for protein synthesis, produce lysosomes for use within cell.
Cytoplasm
Description
Dense gelatinous mix composed of 70-80% water
Contains DNA, ribosomes, and organic compounds.
Eukaryotes: located within plasma membrane, hold variety of cell organelles that is embedded in fluidllike cytosol.
Function
DNA, ribosomes, and organic
compounds: : Carry out life
processes.
Eukaryotes: a place for biochemical activities.
Nucleoplasm
Function
Site where chromosomes suspend.
Nucleoli/Nucleolus
Function
Site for synthesis of RNA.
Nucleus
Description
Consists of chromatin composed DNA and protein complex.
Euchromatin and Heterochromatin
Function
Control the centre of cell.
Nuclear Membrane/Envelope
Description
Surrounds nucleus and interrupted by nucleus pores.
Function
The pores allow molecular transport in and out of nucleus.
Plastids
Function
Sites for photosynthesis.
Description
Organelles in plant cell.
Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Complex
Description
Consist of flat, disc-shaped sacs called cisternae, with dilated peripheries,
Function
Pack, store, and secrete protein from inside to outside
of cell = elimination and secretion (exocytosis).
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Function
Lipid synthesis and control
transport within cell.
Description
Consist of membrane tubules and cisternae, continuous with membrane of nuclear envelope, and held together by cytoskeleton.
Rough ER and Smooth ER
Mitochondria
Description
Cell's power source of energy
Replicate their DNA and divide in response to cell energy demands
Divides by binary fission.
Function
Provide energy for cellular functions
Lysosome
Function
Digestion of cell debris and food particles
Breakdown foreign material form outside the cell during phagocytosis (endocytosis).
Description
Membrane-bound organelles
Primary Lysosome = smaller and contains digestive enzymes only.
Secondary Lysosome = larger and blends with particles requiring further breakdown.
Peroxisome
Function
Oxidation of toxic substance.
Description
Self-replicating vesicular organelles.
Many in hepatocytes of liver where detoxification occur,
Cytoskeleton
Function
Important for intracellular transport and rearrangement of organlles.
Strengthen, support, and stiffen cell = shape.
Description
Active and rapidly organise.
Consist of actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
Centrioles and centromeres are part of cytoskeleton, and essential during cell dividion.
Microvili
Function
Mobility, absorption,
secretion, adhesion.
Description
Occurs in groups, plasma membrane extensions on surface of cell, may increase the surface area of cell to facilitate absorption and secretion.
Cilia
Function
Mobility: either move the cell or substances around the cell.
Protozoans: collect food
particles and locomotion
Description
Shorter than flagella
Hair-like appendages made of microtubules
Vesicles
Description
Small
Can be formed by Golgi apparatus, ER, or plasma membrane.
Function
Organisation of metabolism, in transport, for enzyme storage, and as chamber for chemical reactions.
Chloroplasts
Function
Site for photosynthesis
Metabolic activities for plant cells
Description
Organelles found in algae and plant cell.
Converts sun energy to chemical energy through photosynthesis.
Contains chlorophyll
Stroma = fluid within chloroplasts, contains DNA, chloroplast genome and ribosomes.
enzymes only.