Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

36: THE DIALOGIC TEXT: STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS, 8. BIBLIO,…

- - - - ∴ DT = dialogue exchanged with a specific purpose where participants share the same communicative situation
        
        Purpose = establish an oral interaction to exchange information in a successful way.
        
        Participants = essential part. Hearers & speakers have to react& make contributions at high speed. Have to interpret what is said & reply reflecting their own intentions.
        
        SO speaking = actions intended to accomplish a specific purpose by verbal means.
  - - - 1) Directives: to get someone to do something: commands, orders, requests, suggestions… Verbs include suggest, prohibit, order… eg “Don´t touch that”
      - Commisives: when speaker commits themselves to some future action. Promises, threats, refusals... Bound to lang & culture & ∴ differ across status/situation/gender.
      - Representatives: Speaker expresses attitude/belief: asserting/predicting/describing
      - Expressives: State what speaker feels. Statements of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes… Verbs include: greet, apologise, compliment.., eg “Congratulations!”
      - Declaratives: Speaker informs objectively about external reality or about his/her ideas about it.
- - - - OPENINGS
        Starting point - state main topic of encounter
        Greeting = most common way of opening convo (varies with formality)
        Questions related to greetings and sometimes are part of them how are you?
        Exclamations = another way of starting eg: “ what an awful day!”
        
        BODY
        Deals with development of convo.
        Continuous process - consists of series of turn-taking mechanisms.
        Participants establish roles within convo
        Adjacency pairs common “How are you?” “I am fine, thank you”
        
        ENDING
        When participants feel initial purpose successfully fulfilled (though sometimes unsuccessful endings)
        Negotiation strategies common eg ”it's been nice to talk you” “I hope to see you again”, & “good bye”. (Endless possibilities)
      - Give example of directive function - suggesting (about stomach ache)
        
        CONTENT: can be ANY. Largely determined by relation between participants who decide on topic by inferences or by directly naming it
  - - - Pragmatics studies the speech acts. Term coined/dev. by linguistic philosophers Austin (1962) & Searle (1969). Attempt to explain language functions beyond propositional elements: eg “it´s very cold in here” may = “could you close the door, please?” Said contextual info necessary for correct interpretation of propositional elements. (eg . T: Do you know what time it is?
        
        Conversational analysis (sociologist Harvey Sacks) = study of talk produced during ordinary human interactions - aims to discover how participants understand & respond & how sequences of action are generated.
        
        Rules that govern speech acts = rules governing the oral exchanges in DTs.
        
        Conversations = full of implicatures: what is meant but not said.
        Grice developed theory of cooperative principle (idea that speaker & listener are cooperating so speaker can imply a meaning, confident that listener will understand). ∴ a possible implicature of Are you watching this programme? might be Can we turn it off?
        
        Grice´s Maxims: (1975): set of conventions we use to communicate:
        
        Quality = message that is true
        
        1 more item...
        
        All maxims important for effective comm BUT common to violate some in everyday conversation - eg relevance violated when 2 speakers know each other well eg: A: The phone is ringing. B: I´m having a bath (successful despite lack of linguistic connection)
        
        Other rules present in oral exchanges (& ∴ in DTs) = Universal Constraints (belong to Goffman’s Theory of Communication Constraints 1976):
        
        Turnover signals: allow smooth exchange of turns (show end so next speaker begins).
        EG - question / adding an interrogative tag (don´t you think? or looking/saying name of next participant. Other signals = slowing down, vowel elongation, falling intonation, etc. Varies across cultures (eg US - very little gap or even overlap, in Scandinavia gaps are longer)
        
        Bracket signals indicate speaker is going to change the topic; can be linguistic (by the way, anyway, well…) or paralinguistic (intonation, shifts in body position…)
        
        1 more item...
- - - - 4.1 Shared context
        
        Conversation = usually face-to-face interaction, shared contextual background (context of time/space + social, cul knowledge)
        
        Results in many pronouns (as knowledge of intended references you/she/he) - form of grammatical reduction
        
        Ellipsis & substitution (she doesn't know how to cook”, “ok, I´ll do it”.) esp in situational analysis - participants leave out what is easily recovered from linguistic/situational context as always possibility in convo for immediate clarification
        
        Place & time deixis too - here, there, this, that & “See you later’.
      - 4.2 Absence of specification of meaning:
        
        Complete explicitness not always necessary (may even cause delay) ∴ = vagueness
        
        Not specific about quantity/quality - kind of, like eg it's sort of big.
        
        “like” + adverbs “really, actually”, + suffix –ish, “he's around fortish” & vague coordination tags eg “something, something like that”
        
        Less sophisticated vocab buy instead of purchase, do instead perform
        
        Words called “talk-only words” like thing, nice, stuff
        
        1 more item...
      - 4.3 Interactive
        
        Co-constructed & dynamic. High use of questions, imperatives, vocatives, interjections, expletives & attention signals
        
        Expletives can refer to taboo words / semi-taboo expressions used as exclamations.
        
        Interjections - exclamatory function, eg Oh!
        
        Attention signals to attract the addressee. “Hey” e.g. Hey Mum, ...?
      - 4.4 Real time
        
        Convo = typically spontaneous ∴ speakers must plan & execute utterances in real time
        
        Leads to normal disfluency - impairment of flow by pauses, hesitations (silent or with fillers erm.. like.), & repetitions (“I.. I ...I think that...”)
        
        Disfluency considered a strategy to think & gain time
        
        Opposite also exists - when speaker knows what to say & listener shares knowledge, planning runs ahead of productions. Result: more ellipsis & contractions.
        
        All affects syntax & results in structures almost exclusive of spoken language: prefaces & noun phrase tags. Prefaces occur in initial position: this girl, this morning, she threw a dish & noun phrase tags occur at end (often for emphasis): “did they have any, the kids?”.
        
        1 more item...
      - 4.5 Time pressure
        
        Real time means little time to vary choice of words ∴ repetition to repeat partially/exactly what other person just said: “let´s go” “ok, let´s go”.
        
        Reliance on stereotypical prefabricated sequences* “that´s what I mean”, “but the thing is” “I´ll tell you what”
        
        Most common words: want, think, know, mean, get, have. Adverbs: just, there, anyway
        
        Style = informal. Lexical choice = less sophisticated or even considered incorrect in standard grammar (often mistakes not corrected as don’t impede comprehension)
        
        Non-verbal communication = v important. Prosodic features: stress, rhythm & intonation & paralinguistic features: facial gestures, loudness, body gestures, pitch changes, etc.
- - - - Free DIRECT speech - removes reporting clause & quotation marks - freer form - characters speak to us more immediately without a narrator
      - Narrative Report of Speech Acts (NRSA) - merely report that a speech act occurred (often summary of less imp. dialogue) he explained the report
      - Free INDIRECT speech = halfway between direct & indirect speech. Basically a form of indirect but: no reporting verb & structure of sentence remains as in direct speech: (eg inversion is kept in questions). EG: Why did he always put the blame on her? (D: Anne said "...", INd: Anne asked why...)
        
        Used to describe interior monologue (difference between SoC). Commonplace in fiction of the 20thC - JJ, VW. Produces more vivid impression - fosters intimacy between reader, narrator, & character.
- - - - Conversational traits (several interlocutors, turn taking management) AND can review what has been written
        
        Calero Vaquera (2014): pragmatic politeness reduced & flouting of maxim of relevance, dynamism & informal register, unconventional use of orthographical signs (??! - compensates for physical lack) & use of iconic signs (emoticons, emojis, gifs) - which 1) transmit ideas/feelings; 2) emphasise content & 3) soften inference or clarify..