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PART 2: Ikenberry's explanation - Coggle Diagram
PART 2: Ikenberry's explanation
American led post war order: fusing of 2 order building projects
Cold War struggle with USSR
deterrence, containment, alliances, bipolar balance of power
order among Western democracies
open, stable, managed
circumstances
economic weakness and political vulnerability of Europe
rising soviet threat
constraints of domestic policies
continuous process of intergovernmental bargaining and institution building
ideological and geopolitical clashes
American ideas of post war order were not imperial
war affected USA positively
f.ex. national production increase
Mileu oriented grand strategy > positional grand strategy
positional grand strategy: the power seeks to counter, undercut, contain and limit the power and threats of a specific challenger state(s)
"mileu oriented grand strategy: a power seeks to make the international environment congenial to its long-term security and interests through building the infrastructure of international cooperation, promoting trade and democracy in various regions of the world, and establishing partnerships"
stages of American post war order
Roosevelt administration sought to build on and update the Wilsonian vision
"Roosevelt's wartime proclamation of the Four Freedoms and the Atlantic Charter advocacy of of a post war order that would support full employment and economic growth gave liberal internationalism a more expansive agenda"
Wilsonian mission
"open order would facilitate free trade across regions;trade would help foster American economic growth and prosperity, and it would also have beneficial economic and political effects on other countries and the overall order"
by the 1940s, projects of openness and containment came together
two pilars of American led political order:
American market
free trade helped cement
American security umbrella
LOGICS OF LIBERAL HEGEMONIC ORDER ('the progress'
OPEN MARKETS
by 1930s, the insular economic blocks, "antagonistic groupings that American officials understood to be at least partly responsible for the upset of the war"
equal trade and investment opportunities
stabilize currencies, ease financial crisis, promote world commerce, as well as a new collective security organisation
non.discrimination and equal commercial opportunity, as per Secretary Cordell Hull
would simultaneously advance two American objectives: ensure US access to raw materials around the world AND also contributed towards economic growth and interdependence
ECONOMIC SECURITY AND SOCIAL BARGAINS
national security and social security closely linked
building of the 'modern welfare state'
social insurance for workers and retirees reflect new commitments
increased spending on social protection, by 1950s: old age, health, unemployment, disability and poverty
the meaning of security: national, social, and economic
expansive vision of national security. Roosevelt: "It also means economic security, social security, moral security - in a family of nations"
international economic management
institutional mechanisms that would establish convertible currencies and exchange rate imbalance management
MULTILATERAL INSTITUTIONAL COOPERATION
new institutions to manage political, economic and security relationships
pragmatic interest in managing international relations in what was seen as an emerging era when national solutions to economic stability and national security would not suffice
governmental direct supervisory role in managing economic order. This view embraced in Bretton Woods 1944
multilateralism compelling to Truman and Roosevelt administration because it resonated with the liberal political culture that forms the core of American national identity
Roosevelt and Truman shared the Wilsonian view that USA could set the world on a more peaceful and prosperous pathway
SECURITY BINDING/COOPERATIVE SECURITY
"Cooperative security is a strategy in which states tie themselves together in economic and security institutions that mutually constrain one another"
arguably the most important innovation in national security in the twentieth century"
Western Europe tied to US within NATO and simultaneous binding of common economic community
security protection to other states in exchange for their cooperation
US-Japan alliance
overcoming insecurities by tying one another down within a common security institution, rather than aggregating power to counterbalance a threat
builds long-term security, political and economic commitments
legal basis for American military presence --> US influence
importance of EU movement seeking to achieve economic interdependence between Germany and her neighbours
European Coal and Steel Community --> binding key war industries
European economic recover could only occur with German revival
WESTERN DEMOCRATIC SOLIDARITY
sense that a special solidarity exists among Western democracies
Atlantic community - Andrew Johnston: "a state that belongs to a political-economic community of liberal-capitalist"
Anglo-American bond invoked by Roosevelt and Churchill in the 1941 Atlantic Charter meeting
Pax Anglo-Americana
liberal practice of the Atlantic world: non-aggression, political and economic freedom
shared Western democratic identity
American assistance/internvention seen as necessary to prevent intense economic distress, violent social discontents, and political confusion
embodied in NATO
HUMAN RIGHTS AND PROGRESSIVE CHANGE
2 aspects of the idea of progressive change
liberal international order, although originating from the West, would spread outwards to developing states
the order would promote social and political advancement within the societies that became a part of it
Four Freedoms speech in the Atlantic Charter speech 1941
later enshrined in the UN Charter in 1945 and in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the U.N. general assembly in 1948 --> launched post-war human rights revolution
liberal order and modernization of societies went hand in hand. --> American led order, Westernisation, economic integration, political development
AMERICAN HEGEMONIC LEADERSHIP
benefits and restrains of hegemonic order
benefits - public goods like security protection, market openness, sponsorship of rules and institutions, American dollar as an international currency
restrains - result was hierarchical order, hegemonic state provides a public good for the wider order through rules and institutions, but it also uses these to establish restraints and commitments on the uses of its power
vision of liberal order turned into liberal hegemonic order
Lend-Lease assistance to Britain, US loans to Britain and France
Bretton Woods agreement
Marshall Plan: administration had to be a collective European undertaking (encouraging European cooperation)
UN was the embodiment of the great powers now doing what they had failed to do with LoN: forge a working system of collective security
joint economic management
OEEC (organisation for European Economic Cooperation)
systematic country review (national authorities cross-examined) --> questions raised which in pre-war days would have been considered unacceptable foreign interference in domestic affairs
security bargain
security commitments, stationing troops, establish ongoing strategic partnerships and establish ongoing partnerships
political and economic dimension
multilateralism, alliance partnership, strategic restraint, cooperative security, and institutional and rule based relationships