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Semiology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - a. Healthy
      - b. Latent period (or incubation, in infectious idseases), without any clinical sign of the disease, (hours – viruses, days – bacteria, months or years – tuberculosis, AIDS), but can be present in lab tests
      - c. Prodromal state – the first sign of the disease, the general signs, not specific to one affection, when the animal is “not himself” (prefers to lay down, trembles, does not eat).
      - d. Clinical period – with specific disease signs which allow establishing the diagnosis of the disease
      - e. Final period (healing, chronicity, dying)
      - f. Healthy (or dead)
  - - - Fever syndrome : hyperthermia, functional modifications of organs or the entire system, tachycardia, tachypnea, perspiration, etc
        
        Temperature
        
        Difference between thermic symptoms and thermic syndromes
        
        Thermic syndrome : fever syndrome (in 3 stages, incrementum, fastigium, the peak and decrementum also called initial, status and decline stages) and hypothermia syndrome (in massiv ehemorrhage, coma, uremia, paralisys, liver and kidney failure or intoxication)
        
        Thermic symptom : hyperthermia/hyperpirexia, normothemia or hyperthermia.
        
        Types of hyperhemia
        
        Value : can be latent (normal T° with funcitonal modification), relative, adynamix, slight, medium, high and extreme (<3°C more)
        
        Duration : ephemeral, acute (>2 weeks), subactue (2 weeks < x < 1 month) or chronic (>1 month)
        
        Origin : septic or aseptic (then can be resorbtion if caused by proteins in burns for ex, drug fever or neurogenic fever after a bite of a heat-stroke)
        
        Thermic curve : continuous (in plateau, daily variations under 1°C), remittent (in chainsaw, daily variations over 1°C), recurrent (alternates between febrile and normal periods), intermitent (short febrile bouts with very high T° and long periods of normal T°) and atypical (no specific pattern)
        
        Physiological changes of the body temperature
        
        Increase : pure breeds, youth, evening, after effort, females
        
        Decrease : mixed breeds, old, morning, after rest, males
        
        Appreciating body temperature
        
        Subjective : palpation, hystory, looking at the animal’s behavior
        
        Objective : thermometry
      - Colic syndrome : painful manifestation expressed through digestive, nervous, respiratory signs (the animal expresses the pain)
      - Jaundice syndrome : icterus of skin and mucosa
      - Syndromes named after a person : Hoflund (indigestion and functional impairment of stomach in cattle), Parhon, etc
- - - - Endoscopy
        
        Technic : visual exploration into cavity or conduct with an endoscop or fibroscope (with optic fibre)
        
        Purpose : diagnostis, inspeciton (for biopsy) or treatment
        
        Types : name-oscopy. Capsular endoscopy is done with a video pill that takes 1000s of images of the digestive tract
      - Thermography
        
        Technic : measuring and recording thermic radiations at the skin level
        
        Purpose : skin T° depends on the blood flow so if I T° → I bloodflow → inflammations, tumors, congestions, etc. If T° D → D blood flow → atrophy, ischemia, etc. Used for diagnosis (on the location more than the type) and therapy monitorization
      - Echography/Ultrasonography
        
        Technic : give image of tissues and organs thanks to very high frequency sound. They will propagate in a straigth line in an homogenous environment and reflect on an heterogenous one. Relating to their echodensity, tissues are called hyperechogen if white (fat, bones and lithiasis), echogen if light grey (liver), hypoechogen if dark grey (kidney or muscles) or anechogen if black (liquide like urine)
        
        Components : tansducer (produces ultrasounds thorugh pizzoelectric phenomena (deofrmation of a body under the action of an electric field) and a display (can be in 1D, 2D or 3D)
        
        Types : endoabdominal, endovascular or external (or abdominal, after feeding, and animal on its back)
        
        Side effects
        
        Thermic : increases body T° of pregnant animals (esp. in nidation, the first stage of pregnancy) and during ultrasonotherapy (for lithiasis)
        
        Mechanic : cell lysis, cavitation (normal gas bubbles from tissue break and produce cavities in organs)
        
        Chemical : oxydation and protein denaturation
        
        Doppler echography
        
        Technic : reflected ultrasounds by a moving body return to the transducenr under the form of an echo, but with a different frequency as the initial one
        
        Purpose : examine blood flow, mvM of blood vessel walls, differentation between arteries and veins, examination of cardiac cavities and evidentiation of obstacles (thrombosis, aneurisms, atheroma which is fat accumulation, etc)
        
        Types : color or B/W. 4 types of devices : heart, peripheral vascular system, abdomen and idk
    - - Types of radiation
        
        By origin : natural and artificial
        
        By nature : curpusuclar particles (alfa or beta) and electromagnetic waves (gamma, X, UV and IR)
        
        By effect : ionizing (gamma, X, alfa, beta) or non-ionizing (visible, IR, radio and microwave)
        
        By use : RMN (for radio wave), oven (microwave), thermography (IR), phtosynthesis (light), sterilization (UV), diagnostic and therapy (X rays and gamma)
        
        By source : closed sources (in the industry), open sources (radioactive isotopes) and dariation generators (Rontgen, particle accelerator)
      - Types of radiography used in diagnosis
        
        Rontgendiagnostic : uses X radiations in radioscopy/fluoroscopy or radiography
        
        CT : computer tomography, images of sections
        
        Nuclear medicine : or radioactive isotopes, htey emit radiations that can be detected an measured (often marked with fluorescence for ex to follow them)
        
        MRI : magnetic resonance imagistics, based on H’s capacity to resonate due to electromagnetic radiations at a certain frequency. In a magnetic field. First, we lign H protons in a magnetic field , if they receive an electromgQ radiation with a certain frequency, they will move back to their initial position
      - Radiotherapy : for osteoarticular inflammations, degenerative affections and tumors. With radioactive isotopes through IV or catheter or via X ray beams
      - Radioprotection
        
        General : isolated chambers, ventilation, distance, checking, etc
        
        Individual : for the animal, for the perosnnel we have special clothing, schedule and periodical examination
      - Radiointoxication : Causes : Nuclear accidents or repeated exposition. The most sensitive tissues are the skin, the blood, mucosas, the crystalline, the young and little indiferentiated cells (sexual, embryos, marrow) and the mamary gland
- - - - Frequence : depends on the nb of vibration per second. If very high → high pitched and acoustic. It not, its dull
      - Intensity : or amplitude or strength. Size of the vibration. If high, acoustic. If not, dull
      - Length : propagation in time (if long → acoustic)
      - Harmony : or nuance, makes possible the distinction with a sound with the same basic harmony. The pulmonary acoustic can be tympanic or harmonic is small animals and atympanic or disharmonic in large ones
      - Resonance : amplification of the sound (increased when large qty of air
      - Why ?
        
        To hear the filling of cavities. The sound can be bacis so acoustic (air in the tissues, lungs), hyperacoustic (air under pressure, tympanism), sudbull (intermediate) or dull (muscular or absolute dullness). They can also have a particular resonance (broken pot, metallic, etc)
    - - Why ?
        
        Gather data on dimension, form, position, humidity, consistency, mobility, integrity, temperature, sensibility (thermic, tactile, pain), special sensations (crepitus). Can be external or internal, superficial and then profound
    - - At a distance : collect data on animal id, character and general state
      - Near the animal : to see it closely