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Janelle Cardenas per. 5 Nervous System - Coggle Diagram
Janelle Cardenas per. 5 Nervous System
connective tissue coverings
pia mater
dura mater
arachnoid mater
major functions of the nervous system
intergration
: processing & interpretation of sensory input
motor output
: activation of
effector
organs (muscles & glands) produces a response
sensory input
: info gathered by sensory about internal & external changes
action potential & the nerve impulse
text
depolarization: Na+ channels open
repolarization: Na+ channels are inactivating & K+ channels open
resting state: all gated NA+ & K+ channels are closed
hyperpolarization: some K+ channels remain open & Na+ channels reset
major parts & functions of the brain
CEREBRAL CORTEX
: site of conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, memory storage, & understanding;
40%
of brain mass
SENSORY AREAS
: in parietal. insular, temporal. & occipital
somatosensory association cortex
: detects object being felt
primary somatosensory cortex
: sensory & motor signals for movements
ASSOCIATION AREAS
MOTOR AREAS
: in frontal lobe
premotor cortex
: movements of limbs
broca's area
: speech
frontal eye field
: visual attention & eye movements
primary cortex
: provides most important signal for skilled movements
VENTRICLES
: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled chambers that are continuous to one another & to central canal of spinal cord
third ventricle
is connected to the
fourth ventricle
by the
cerebral aqueduct
WHITE MATTER
: myelinated & nonmyelinated axons
GRAY MATTER
: short, nonmyelinated neurons & cell bodies
BRAIN REGIONS & ORGANIZATION
BRAIN STEM
pons
medulla oblongata
:cardiovascular center, respiratory centers, swallowing, vomiting
midbrain
CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
: form superior part of the brain & are 83% of brain maass
5 LOBES:
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, & insula
central sulcus
separates precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus
transverse cerebral fissure
: separates cerebrum and cerebellum
lateral sulcus
outlines temporal lobes
longitudinal fissure
: separates L & R hemisphere
cerebral cortex
is the outside matter of the arbor vitae
fissures
: deep grooves
white matter
is inside arbor vitae
sulci
: shallow grooves
basal nuclei
deep within white matter
gyri
: ridges
CEREBELLUM
: 11% of brain mass, processes input from cortex, thinking. language, emotion, & balance
CNS
: it's your
Central Nervous System
; consists of the brain & spinal cord
diencephephalon
thalamus
: info relay station
hypothalamus
: keep body in homeostasis
epithalamus
: contains pineal gland & posterior commissure
major parts & functions of the spinal cord
Dorsal horns
: interneurons that receive somatic and visceral sensory input
CAUDA EQUINA
: collection of nerve roots at inferior end of vertebral canal
SPINAL NERVES
: part of PNS
ventral horns
: some interneurons
lateral horns
: sympathetic neurons
major reflex center: reflexes are initiated & completed at spinal cord
ventral roots
: bundle of motor neurons that exit the spinal cord
provides 2-way communication to & from brain & body
dorsal roots
: sensory input to cord
tissues
nervous tissue
major divisions & subdivisions of the nervous system
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
: brain & spinal cord
integrative & control centers
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
: cranial nerves & spinal nerves
communication lines between the CNS & the rest of the body
MOTOR (EFFERENT) DIVISION
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
: voluntary motor nerve fibers
conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION
: mobilizes body systems during activity
PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION
: conserves energy & promotes housekeeping functions during rest
SENSORY (AFFERENT) DIVISION
disorders/diseases
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
: form of dementia associated w/ age
caused
: hereditary, family history, & high insulin
symptoms
: memory loss, confusion, & mood changes
SPINAL CORD INJURY
: damage to spinal cord
causes
: direct injury, fall, or accident
symptoms
: weakness, loss of feeling, or spastic muscle
AUSTISM
: brain disorder that makes it difficult to communicate
causes
: family history, hereditary, & environmental
symptoms
: depression, anxiety, & repeated behavior
MENINGITIS
: infection in the meninges surrounding the brain
causes
: bacteria, drug allergies, or fungi
symptoms
: nausea, fever, or severe headache
CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT (STROKE)
: occurs when blood flow to a portion of the brain is halted
causes
: blood vessel bursts, diabetes, & increasing age
symptoms
: severe headache, loss of balance, & muscle weakness
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
: autoimmune disease that damages the myelin sheath
causes
: hereditary, family history, or nerve damage
symptoms
: muscle weakness, depression, or fatigue
reflex arc
3. integration center
: either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region with CNS
4. motor neuron
: efferent impulses from integration center to effector
2. sensory neuron
: transmits afferent impulses to CNS
5. effector
: muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to efferent impulses by contracting or retracting
1. receptor
: site of the stimulus action
somatic reflexes
: activate skeletal muscle
autonomic (visceral) reflexes
: activate smooth or cardiac muscle or glands
neurotransmitters
indoleamines
:
SEROTONIN
: made from the amino acid tryptophan
amino acids
: make up proteins
biogenic amines
:
DOPAMINE
: made from the amino acid tyrosine
gases & lipids
ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh)
: released at neuromuscular junction
EFFECTS
: excitatory vs. inhibitory; neurotransmitter can be excitatory (depolarizing) or inhibitory (hyperpolarizing)
ACTIONS
: direct vs. indirect;
direct
: neurotransmitter binds directly to & opens ion channels
indirect
: neurotransmitter acts through intracellular second messengers
compare & contrast the ANS
SMS
: control voluntary movements & reflex arcs; helps process the senses of touch, sound, taste, and smell
SIMILARITIES
ANS
: motor neurons that innervate smooth & cardiac muscle & glands
DIFFERENCES
PARASYMPATHETIC
: preganglionic fibers are long; postganglionic fibers are short
SYMPATHETIC
: preganglionic fibers are short; postganglionic fibers are long are long
PARASYMPATHETIC
: ganglia are within or near visceral effector organs
SYMPATHETIC
: ganglia are close to spinal cord
PARASYMPATHETIC
: fibers originate in the brain stem or sacral spinal cord
SYMPATHETIC
: fibers originate in the thoracic & lumbar spinal cord
spinal nerves
VENTRAL ROOTS
: contain motor (efferent) fibers from ventral horn motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles
DORSAL ROOTS
: contain sensory (afferent) fibers from sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia that conduct impulses from peripheral receptors
31 pairs
5 pairs of sacral nerves (S1-S5)
1 pair of tiny coccygeal nerves (C0)
5 pairs of lumbar nerves (L1-L5)
12 pairs of thoracic nerves (T1-T12)
8 pairs of cervical nerves (C1-C8)
cranial nerves
TRIGEMINAL NERVES
: sending pain, touch, & temperature from face to the brain
ABDUCENS NERVES
: lets eye look outward and to the side
TROCHLEAR NERVES
: detects sound
FACIAL NERVES
: facial expression
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVES
: hearing
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVES
: swallowing
OCULOMOTOR NERVES
: raise eyelid, directing eyeball, constricting iris
VAGUS NERVES
: mood, digestion, heart rate, & immune system
OPTIC NERVES
: sensory (visual) function
ACCESSORY NERVES
: swallowing, head, neck, & shoulder movements
OLFACTORY NERVES
: sensory nerves of smell, in frontal lobe
HYPOGLOSSAL NERVES
: tongue movements
classifications of neurons
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION
bipolar
: 2 processes
unipolar
: 1 T-like process
multipolar
: 3 or more processes
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
sensory
: transmit impulses
from sensory receptors -> CNS
motor
: carry impulses
from CNS -> effectors
interneurons
: lie
between motor & sensory neurons
drugs of abuse
METH
: interferes with dopamine
affects
: meth -> dopamine vesicles forcing the dopamine molecules out the transporters work in reverse; overstimulates the cell
causes
: makes the user feel intense pleasure & exhilaration
ALCOHOL
: interferes with GABA & glutamate
affected
: gives a double sedative & makes GABA more inhibitory; prevents glutamate from exciting the cell
causes
: affects memory formation, decision making, & impulse control
MARIJUANA
: interferes with dopamine & anandamide
affect
: cannabinoid receptors turn off the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters. dopamine can be released
causes
: relaxed and calm feeling; can remove unnecessary short-term memories
COCAINE
: interferes with dopamine
affects
: blocks transporters leaving dopamine trapped in synaptic cleft; overstimulates cell
causes
: users become more fidgety & are unable to be still
ECSTASY
: interferes with serotonin
affects
: transporter becomes confused & does the job in reverse. it overstimulates the cell
causes
: sleep & appetite is milder
LSD
: interferes with serotonin
affects
: can inhibit serotonin receptors, which can excite them & adds other complex sensory affects
causes
: feelings of wakefulness & evoking a startle response to unexpected stimulus
HEROINE
: neurotransmitters affected: dopamine;
affect
: the drug shuts down the release of neurotransmitters & turns off dopamine inhibition.
causes
: sedation & well-being (pain-killer)