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Unit 11: Human Microbiota - Coggle Diagram
Unit 11: Human Microbiota
The Human Microbiome Project
Identify major organisms comprising the human microbiota in healthy people
determine if there are associations between change in the microbiota and the development or progression of disease
develop tools to better conduct studies
Functional Roles
composition in Gastrointestinal Tract
Bacteroidetes
firmicutes
actinobacteria
proteobacteria
verrucomicrobia
factors that impact composition
pH
oxygen level
availability of nutrients
Metabolic functions
vitamin synthesis
metabolize non-digestible carbohydrates
metabolite transformation and absorption
three metabolites produced by microbes
short chain fatty acids
butyrate
propionate
acetate
gases
bile acids
Structural Functions
intestinal barrier fortification
tightening of junctions
immune system development
from prenatal to childhood, microbiota from maternal milk and food stimulates growth of immune system
Protective functions
pathogen displacement
production of antimicrobial factors
colonization resistance
ability to exclude invading pathogens and inhibit the overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens and pathobionts
direct colonization resistance
bacteriocin production
nutrient depletion
type 6 secretion systems
indirect colonization resistance
antimicrobial peptide
bile acid metabolism
epithelial barrier maintenance
Microbiota Composition
symbionts
residents with known health promoting functions
commensals
permanent residents of the ecosystem that don't benefit or harm the host
pathobionts
residents that have potential to induce pathology when immune system is compromised or there is change in gut environment
decrease in symbionts and increase in pathobionts or invasion of a pathogen cause problems
influences metabolic diseases
obesity
ex. from mouse experiment
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
chronic inflammation in the GI tract
Factors that impact composition
Diet
increase in vegetables increase Firmicutes
increase in proteins increase bacteroidetes
gene richness
number of genes
gene diversity
distribution of genes
Smoking
increases bacteroides and proteobacteria
decrease firmcutes, actinobacteria, and diversity
aging
host genome
early acquired microbiome
prebiotics and probiotics