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Schizophrenia: Symptoms + Prevalence - Coggle Diagram
Schizophrenia: Symptoms + Prevalence
Overview:
Affects 24 million people globally
Treatable, not curable - treatment most effective in initial stages
Care provided at community level
Classed as a manic disorder until 19th century
Typically begins in early adulthood (late teens-late 20s), slightly older in women than men
Men affected more frequently, severely, earlier than women
Disease persists in population despite schizophrenic people not having children
Representation + prevalence is similar globally
Symptoms
Positive symptoms:
(Additional to expectations in good mental health)
Hallucinations
Delusions
Thought disorder
Disorganised/catatonic behaviour
-E.g. Disorganised speech
More prominent in early stages of schizophrenia
Negative symptoms:
(Reductions to expectations in good mental health)
Blunted/flattened affect (emotional expression)
Alogia (Lack of speech)
Avolition (passive, lack volition)
More noticeable + severe as person ages
Hallucination:
A sensory perception experienced in the absence of external stimuli
NOT illusions - Misinterpretations of external stimuli
Auditory hallucinations
Visual hallucinations
Somatic sensations (e.g. something inside body)
DSM-5 + DSM-IV
DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria:
Characteristic symptoms
Must have 2/more delusions, hallucinations, disorganised speech
Marked social/occupational dysfunction
Duration of at least 6 months
Ensure other disorder not causing behaviour
E.g. Mood disorder, substance/medicine
Relationship to a pervasive Developmental Disorder
DSM-IV subtypes:
(Abandoned due to unreliable diagnoses)
Paranoid, Disorganised, Catatonic, Undifferentiated, Residual
Subtypes
Positive Syndrome:
Predominantly positive symptoms
Negative Syndrome:
Predominantly negative symptoms
Acute:
Have psychotic episodes + recover
Chronic:
Permanent condition
Delusion:
False belief based on incorrect inference about external reality
Firmly sustained despite what almost everyone else believes/obvious proof to contrary
Belief not ordinarily accepted by other members of person's culture/subculture
Paranoid delusions:
AKA delusions of persecution
Believing people are doing things to harm you in some way when there's no external evidence for it
Delusions of reference:
Believing things in environment are directed at you when they're not
E.g. Believing special message being communicated to you on TV
Somatic delusions:
False beliefs about your body
E.g. Believing something foreign is in body
Delusions of grandeur:
Believing you're very special/have special abilities
E.g. Believing you're a saint
Disorganised speech:
Persistent underlying disturbance of conscious thought including:
Pressure of speech - Speaking incessantly + quickly
Derailment/flight of ideas - switching topics inappropriately
Thought blocking - Ideas suddenly freeze
Kirkbride et al (2012): Annual incidence of psychosis in UK:
All psychosis = 32 per 100,000
Schizophrenia = 15 per 100,000
Higher incidence for men + black + minority ethnic groups
Rate varied with social disadvantage
Affective psychoses = 12 per 100,000
Average lifetime risk = 1%
Annual incidence = 0.1 or 0.2 per 1,000
Prevalence rate = 3 per 1,000 (Oxford Textbook of Medicine)