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Memory Enhancement - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Memory for critical slides is not very enhanced.
    - - Memory for critical slides is enhanced.
  - - - Patients with amygdala lesions are normal at identifying some emotions (happy), but very impaired in others (fear).
      - Presentation for as little as 17msec of just the eyes, showing fear, with the rest of the face blacked out, is sufficient to activate the amygdala.
  - - - fear conditioning: learning to associate neutral stimulus (tone) with aversive stimulus (shock), animals freeze to tone.
  - - - By blocking beta receptors, it prevents the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine; blocks emotional responses.
      - It does not block memory, but blocks the large emotional response to the traumatic stimuli.
- - - - Specific neurons tuned to specific locations (places) in environment.
      - Together, they code the spatial map of entire environment.
      - Hippocampal neurons map space relationally -- i.e., with respect to the relations among items in the environment.
      - Cross-correlational between hippocampal cells is very strong while the animal is running on the track, and is replayed during slow-wave sleep immediately after running.
    - - A>B>C>D>E, then B&D?
        
        No evidence for the development of transitive inference after short (20-min) delay
        
        But strong transitive inference performance following time delays of either 12 hr or 24 hr.
        
        Hippocampus active when correctly inferring the relationship between B&D (B>D).
        
        Longer-range transitive inference (2 degrees vs. 1 degree of item separation) was seen only after sleep (12 hr or 24 hr).
    - - Retrieval tested next day
      - Same odor was delivered during the first two period of SWS
        
        Only when memory was at learning & during SWS, declarative memory of card locations was enhanced.
        
        odor originally paired with study items re-presented during SWS sleep and during waking in a scanner.
        
        Better memory when odors re-presented during SWS sleep.
        
        Odors originally paired with study stimuli re-presented during SWS
        
        hippocampal activation & enhanced subsequent memory
      - An order was administered time-locked to the learning stimuli (visuospatial task).
    - - Each object paired with characteristic sound
        
        Conclusion: Sound cues presented during sleep prompted preferential processing of corresponding object-location associations and improved memory.
      - During non-REM sleep, sounds for half the object re-presented
      - Learned 50 object locations
      - Neocortical real-time-closed-loop (RTCL) deep-brain stimulation is administered synchronized to medial temporal lobe sleep activity.
        
        enhance recognition memory performance
  - - - Visual cues (1-4) cue finger tapping of the associated button (button 1-4); with practice, finger tapping gets faster and faster.
      - Better performance after sleep interval between training & test. Learning correlated with NREM (Stage 2) during 4th of sleep.
      - But if you don't sleep within the 24hr after learning, you lose the opportunity to consolidate.
- - - - Exercise group (aerobic walking)
        vs. Stretching group (yoga)
        
        Participants who engaged in aerobic exercise saw increases in hippocampal volume.
        
        Increases in volume correlated with increases in memory performance
        
        Increases in volume correlated with increased fitness level.
    - - Lower-fit children vs. Higher-fit children
        
        Higher-fit children had larger hippocampal compared to lower-fit children
        
        Hippocampal volume correlated with relational memory performance.
        
        Hippocampal volume did not correlate with item memory performance.
        
        Hippocampal volume mediates the relationship between fitness and memory.
    - - Fitness assessment 2. Relational memory assessment
        
        Higher relational accuracy with higher aerobic fitness
        
        Higher item accuracy with higher aerobic fitness.
    - - Specifically, neurogenesis occurs in the dentate gyrus (DG).
  - - - Better water maze learning than control group.
      - Exercise is the modulating factor leading to increase in neurogenesis in dentate gyrus
      - Neurons mature and become functional
      - Cognitive differences seen on memory task (water maze task).
      - Also supports angiogenesis and synaptogenesis in the entire brain.
  - - - Shear wave generation
      - Resoundant pneumatic actuator system
    - - Structural MRI 2. Fitness assessment 3. Relational memory assessment
        
        Hippocampal viscoelasticity correlated with relational memory performance.
        
        Hippocampal viscoelasticity mediated the relationship between fitness and memory.
        
        Aerobic fitness level correlated with hippocampal viscoelastic measures of tissue integrity
- - - - Negative findings
        
        Diets in high saturated fat resulted in poorer hippocampal-dependent spatial navigation in rodent model
        
        Children who consumed more saturated fats performed poorer on relational memory task.
      - Positive findings
        
        Children who consumed more omega 3 fatty acids performed better on relational memory tasks
        
        Children with higher levels of macular lutein performed better on relational memory tasks.
- - - - No organic amnesia (no structural brain damage)
      - FL & Simulators exhibited evidence of day-to-day memory in the next-day covert tests; but does not look like controls
      - Unlike controls and simulators, FL performed the procedural memory obtained on the first day poorly in the next day.