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Botany Lab Practical - Coggle Diagram

- - - - water passes through endodermis being forced to move symplastically due to casparian strip; solution filtered by plasma membrane, helping to prevent embolism & foreign invasion
        
        3.water pulled up stem under tension in an unbroken column; water remains unbroken due to cohesion of water molecules and does not get pushed back down by gravity due to adhesion to vessel walls
        
        water potential gradient from mesophyll cells all the way back to xylem, draws water from vein
        
        water evaporates out of open stomata to drier atmosphere, creating water differential.and tension on the water column
  - - - allows water to exit
        
        water moves too rapidly or too much water lost
        
        plant can suffer water stress
    - - reduce water loss
        
        internal oxygen levels become too high
        
        carbon dioxide levels become too low
        
        resulting in photorespiration
- - - - Antheridiophore
        
        Anteridiophore
        
        1n
        
        Antheridium
        
        1n
        
        Sperm
        
        1n
      - Archegoniophore
        
        Archegoniophore
        
        1n
        
        archegonium
        
        1n
        
        egg
        
        1n
        
        venter
        
        1n
    - - sporophyte
        
        2n
        
        spores
        
        1n
        
        seta
        
        2n
        
        calyptra
        
        1n
        
        sporangium
        
        2n
  - - - Antheridial Head (antheridiophore)
        
        antheridium
        
        1n
        
        paraphyses
        
        1n
        
        sperm
        
        1n
      - Archegonial head (archegoniophore)
        
        archegonium
        
        1n
        
        egg
        
        1n
        
        neck
        
        1n
        
        paraphyses
        
        1n
        
        venter
        
        1n
        
        stalk
        
        1n
    - - capsule
        
        2n
        
        calyptra
        
        1n
        
        operculum
        
        2n
        
        sporangium
        
        2n
        
        spores
        
        1n
        
        seta
        
        2n
  - - - Fern prothallium with antheridia
        
        antheridium
        
        1n
        
        gametophyte
        
        1n
        
        sperm
        
        1n
      - Fern prothallium with archegonia
        
        archegonium
        
        1n
        
        egg
        
        1n
        
        gametophyte
        
        1n
    - - Fern thallus with indusium and sporangia
        
        annulus
        
        2n
        
        indusium
        
        2n
        
        sporagnium
        
        2n
        
        spore
        
        1n
        
        sporophyte
        
        2n
- - - - water
      - essential mineral nutrients
      - sugars and amino acids
  - - - used for storage
        
        often food and water
    - - Hydroids
        
        water conducting
      - Leptoids
        
        food conducting cells
  - - - Monilophyta
    - - defined as single-celled conduits with lignified ornamented walls either banded or pitted
      - main function
        
        transport water and inorganic salts
        
        allos for water flow between cells
- - - - binocular tube
      - ocular/ eye piece
      - revolving nosepiece
      - neck
      - objective lense
      - stage clamps
      - power switch
      - stage
      - iris diaphragm
      - course adjustment knob
      - brightness control
      - mechanical stage knob
      - find adjustment knob
      - base
  - - - Red Onion Epidermal Cells
        
        Large Central Vacuole
        
        functions in storage
        
        regulates the plant cell tonicity
        
        Nuclei
        
        control centers of cell
        
        house genetic info
        
        nucleoli
        
        dense clusters of RNA and proteins within nucleus
        
        look like darker splotches within the nucleus
        
        cytoplasm
        
        suspends the other organelles
  - - - green due to presence of photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll
      - responsible for photosynthesis
    - - store colored lipids
      - common in flowers and fruits
        
        act to color these plant organs as signal to pollinators and/or dispersers
      - act to protect the organs from harmful UV radiation
    - - storage plastid
      - amyloplasts
        
        store starch
- - - - epidermal cell
      - dermal tissue
      - guard cell
      - stoma
- - - - bark
        
        5
      - early wood
        
        4
      - cork
        
        13
      - cork cambium
        
        12
      - growth ring
        
        8
      - late wood
        
        3
      - periderm
        
        10
      - epidermis
        
        15
      - phellem
        
        13
      - phellogen
        
        12
      - phelloderm
        
        14
      - secondary phloem
        
        1
        
        9
      - secondary xylem
        
        6
        
        3, 4, 8
      - vascular cambium
        
        2
      - vascular ray
        
        7
      - cortex
        
        11
  - - - over the lifespan of the perennial plant
  - - - Secondary Growth of Eudicot
  - - - Heartwood
        
        no longer functions in water conduction
        
        waste storage area of tree
      - sapwood
        
        water conducting wood
        
        lighter colored
    - - hardwood
        
        wood of flowering trees
        
        Cross/Transverse
        
        Tangential
        
        Longitudinal/Raidal
      - softwood
        
        wood of conifers
- - - - cytosol
        
        glycolysis
      - outer membrane
      - matrix
        
        citric acid cycle
      - cristae
        
        oxidative phosphorylation
        
        electron transport chain
      - intermembrane space
  - - - so that organisms can use its energy rather than breaking bonds and losing tons of energy as light and heat
    - - glycolysis
        
        occurs in cytoplasm
      - citric acid cycle
        
        mitochondrial matrix
      - electron transport chain
        
        on mitochondrial cristae
- - - - alternative hypothesis
        
        suggests that control and treatment are different
      - null hypothesis
        
        assumes control and treatment are the same
      - testable, educated guess about what you believe may happen in experiment
        
        first determine questions you want answered
  - - - light energy is used to split water
        
        photolysis
      - and energize the electrons of chlorophyll reaction centers
        
        some energy is captured
        
        the electron carrier NADPH
        
        in ATP bonds
        
        releasing oxygen as byproduct
    - - plants capture fraction of sun's energy
        
        store energy in chemical bonds of carbohydrates
  - - - electrons return to their original orbit
        
        energy absorbed is released back to environment
        
        released as
        
        low level light
        
        fluorescence
        
        heat
- - - - microsporangium
        
        2n
        
        microsporophyll
        
        2n
        
        pollen grains
        
        1n
        
        air bladder
        
        generative cell
        
        1n
        
        tube cell
        
        1n
    - - bract
        
        2n
        
        ovuliferous scale
        
        2n
        
        integument
        
        2n
        
        megasporocyte
        
        2n
        
        nucellus
        
        megasporangium
        
        2n
        
        ovule
        
        Pine Ovule
        
        archegonium
        
        1n
        
        egg
        
        1n
        
        megagametophyte
        
        1n
        
        megaspore
        
        wall only
        
        1 more item...
        
        micropyle
        
        nucellus
        
        megasporangium
        
        1 more item...
  - - - anther
        
        1n
        
        2n
        
        filament
        
        2n
        
        microsporocytes
        
        2n
        
        microgametophyte
        
        1n
        
        microspores
        
        1n
        
        tapetum
        
        2n
    - - pollenin
        
        pollen tube
        
        pollen tube nucleus
        
        1n
        
        sperm nuclei
        
        1n
    - - furniculum
        
        2n
        
        megagametophyte
        
        1n
        
        megaspore
        
        1n
        
        megasporocyte
        
        2n
        
        ovule
        
        1n
        
        2n
        
        placenta
        
        2n
- - - - The lowermost and outermost of the four floral appendages
      - protects flower during bud stage
    - - flower stalk
    - - consist of
        
        filament
        
        supports anther
      - anther
        
        produces pollen
      - collectively referred to as androecium
    - - often pigmented and showy
        
        in order to visually attract pollinators
      - collectively referred to as a corolla
    - - consists of
        
        ovary
        
        broadened base of carpel
        
        contains of ovules
        
        style
        
        elongated structure extending from top of ovary and thought which pollen tubes grow
        
        allows deliverance of sperm to egg
        
        stigma
        
        often sticky terminal end of style
        
        receives and adheres pollen grains
    - - anther
      - filament
      - stamen
      - pollen grain
        
        microgametophyte
      - 5 receptacle
      - peduncle
      - sepal
        
        calyx
      - petal
        
        corolla
      - stigma
      - style
      - carpel
      - ovule
      - stigma
      - style
      - ovary
  - - - refers to the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
  - - - parthenocarpy
- - - - one drop of water
        
        cover slip