Botany Lab Practical

Respiration Lab

Parts of Mitochondrion

Anatomy of a bean seed

Cells Lab

Parts of a microscope

Cell Wall - Cork Oak Cell

Epidermal Cells

Cells from bell pepper

Plastids

Chloroplasts

image

Chromoplasts

Amyloplasts/Leucoplasts

Photosynthesis Lab

develop a hypothesis

hypothesis

alternative hypothesis

photosynthesis

thylakoid reactions

Fluorescence

Contains

cytosol

outer membrane

matrix

cristae

intermembrane space

citric acid cycle

glycolysis

oxidative phosphorylation

electron transport chain

image

image

Cellular respiration

stepwise process that maximizes efficiency of breaking down glucose

so that organisms can use its energy rather than breaking bonds and losing tons of energy as light and heat

3 major steps

glycolysis

occurs in cytoplasm

citric acid cycle

mitochondrial matrix

electron transport chain

on mitochondrial cristae

image

  1. binocular tube
  1. ocular/ eye piece
  1. revolving nosepiece
  1. neck
  1. objective lense
  1. stage clamps
  1. power switch
  1. stage
  1. iris diaphragm
  1. course adjustment knob
  1. brightness control
  1. mechanical stage knob
  1. find adjustment knob
  1. base

image

Red Onion Epidermal Cells

image

Large Central Vacuole

Nuclei

nucleoli

cytoplasm

control centers of cell

house genetic info

dense clusters of RNA and proteins within nucleus

look like darker splotches within the nucleus

functions in storage

regulates the plant cell tonicity

suspends the other organelles

store colored lipids

common in flowers and fruits

act to color these plant organs as signal to pollinators and/or dispersers

act to protect the organs from harmful UV radiation

image

storage plastid

amyloplasts

store starch

image

green due to presence of photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll

responsible for photosynthesis

image

Alternation of Generations Lab

Stomata Lab

Vascular Tissue Evolution

Secondary Growth Lab

Roots Lab

Transpiration Lab

Cones and Flowers

Flowers and Fruits Lab

Mendel Lab

null hypothesis

testable, educated guess about what you believe may happen in experiment

first determine questions you want answered

suggests that control and treatment are different

assumes control and treatment are the same

process whereby almost all energy to drive biosphere derives

during photosynthesis

plants capture fraction of sun's energy

store energy in chemical bonds of carbohydrates

equation

image

light energy is used to split water

photolysis

and energize the electrons of chlorophyll reaction centers

some energy is captured

the electron carrier NADPH

in ATP bonds

releasing oxygen as byproduct

image

protective mechanism to protect their tissues when stressed

occurs when exited electrons from photosystem reaction centers are not picked up by electron carriers

rather than be passed to ETC

electrons return to their original orbit

energy absorbed is released back to environment

released as

low level light

fluorescence

heat

Meiosis Review

image

image

Liverwort

Gametophyte

Antheridiophore

image

Anteridiophore

Antheridium

1n

Sperm

1n

1n

Archegoniophore

image

Archegoniophore

1n

archegonium

1n

egg

1n

venter

1n

Sporophyte

image

sporophyte

2n

spores

1n

seta

2n

calyptra

1n

sporangium

2n

Mosses

Gametophyte

Antheridial Head (antheridiophore)

image

antheridium

1n

paraphyses

1n

sperm

1n

Archegonial head (archegoniophore)

image

archegonium

1n

egg

1n

neck

1n

paraphyses

1n

venter

1n

stalk

1n

Sporophyte

image

capsule

2n

calyptra

1n

operculum

2n

sporangium

2n

spores

1n

seta

2n

Fern

Gametophyte

Fern prothallium with antheridia

image

antheridium

gametophyte

1n

sperm

1n

1n

Fern prothallium with archegonia

image

archegonium

1n

egg

1n

gametophyte

1n

Sporophyte

Fern thallus with indusium and sporangia

image

annulus

2n

indusium

2n

sporagnium

2n

spore

1n

sporophyte

2n

stomata

image

epidermal cell

dermal tissue

guard cell

stoma

hypotonic

hypertonic

isotonic

higher osmotic pressure

lower osmotic pressure

equal osmotic concentration

summary table

image

essential functions performed by vascular system

deliver of resources

water

essential mineral nutrients

sugars and amino acids

Parenchyma Cells

mechanical support

communication within the plant

large with well developed large central vacuole

used for storage

often food and water

Types

Hydroids

water conducting

Leptoids

food conducting cells

Moss Gametophyte Tissue

image

image

Moss sporophyte tissue

image

image

Tracheids

Sieve Cells & Albuminous Cells

True tracheids

defined as single-celled conduits with lignified ornamented walls either banded or pitted

main function

transport water and inorganic salts

allos for water flow between cells

image

Labels

bark

5

early wood

4

cork

13

cork cambium

12

growth ring

8

late wood

3

periderm

10

epidermis

15

phellem

13

phellogen

12

phelloderm

14

secondary phloem

1

9

secondary xylem

6

3, 4, 8

vascular cambium

2

vascular ray

7

cortex

11

Secondary Tissues

tissues produced by two lateral meristems

perpetually embryonic

will continue to produce new tissues each year

over the lifespan of the perennial plant

Vascular Cambium

Primary growth of eudicot stem

Secondary Growth of Eudicot

image

image

image

Bark

image

layer of undifferentiated meristematic cells

includes all tissue outside vascular cambium

image

Apical Meristem

shoot apical meristem

image

root apical meristem

image

Root Cross Section

Monocot

image

Eudicot

image

Lateral Root Growth

image

transpiration

process whereby water evaporates from plant into air through openings in leaf (stomata)

Cohesion-Tension Theory

describes how large quantities of water move into and through a plant without aid of pump

1.water enters through root hair via osmosis due to hypotonic soil solution

  1. water passes through endodermis being forced to move symplastically due to casparian strip; solution filtered by plasma membrane, helping to prevent embolism & foreign invasion

3.water pulled up stem under tension in an unbroken column; water remains unbroken due to cohesion of water molecules and does not get pushed back down by gravity due to adhesion to vessel walls

  1. water potential gradient from mesophyll cells all the way back to xylem, draws water from vein
  1. water evaporates out of open stomata to drier atmosphere, creating water differential.and tension on the water column

Monocot Leaf

image

Eudicot Leaf

image

Stomata

open stomata

Factors that affect water potential and transpiration

solutes in water

relative humidity

temperature

allows water to exit

closed

reduce water loss

internal oxygen levels become too high

carbon dioxide levels become too low

resulting in photorespiration

water moves too rapidly or too much water lost

plant can suffer water stress

image

Life Cycles: Gymnosperm and Angiosperm

image

image

Gymnosperm

image

Pine Male Cone

image

microsporangium

2n

microsporophyll

2n

pollen grains

1n

image

air bladder

generative cell

1n

tube cell

1n

Female Cone

image

image

bract

2n

ovuliferous scale

2n

integument

2n

megasporocyte

2n

nucellus

ovule

Pine Ovule

image

archegonium

1n

egg

1n

megagametophyte

1n

megaspore

wall only

1n

micropyle

nucellus

megasporangium

2n

megasporangium

2n

Angiosperm

image

Anther Cross Section

image

anther

1n

2n

filament

2n

microsporocytes

2n

microgametophyte

1n

microspores

1n

tapetum

2n

Germinating Pollen Grains

image

pollenin

pollen tube

pollen tube nucleus

1n

sperm nuclei

1n

Ovary Cross Section

image

furniculum

2n

megagametophyte

1n

megaspore

1n

megasporocyte

2n

ovule

1n

2n

placenta

2n

Parts of Flower

Sepal

The lowermost and outermost of the four floral appendages

Pedicel

flower stalk

stamens

consist of

filament

anther

produces pollen

petals

protects flower during bud stage

often pigmented and showy

in order to visually attract pollinators

collectively referred to as a corolla

supports anther

collectively referred to as androecium

carpels

consists of

ovary

broadened base of carpel

contains of ovules

style

elongated structure extending from top of ovary and thought which pollen tubes grow

allows deliverance of sperm to egg

stigma

often sticky terminal end of style

receives and adheres pollen grains

image

  1. anther
  1. filament
  1. stamen
  1. pollen grain

microgametophyte

5 receptacle

  1. peduncle
  1. sepal

calyx

  1. petal

corolla

  1. stigma
  1. style
  1. carpel
  1. ovule
  1. stigma
  1. style
  1. ovary

Flower Function

pollination

refers to the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

Fruit Function

ovule develops into a seed

fruit development which doesn't require fertilization

parthenocarpy

heartwood vs sapwood

Heartwood

no longer functions in water conduction

waste storage area of tree

sapwood

water conducting wood

lighter colored

Hardwood vs softwood

hardwood

wood of flowering trees

softwood

wood of conifers

image

Cross/Transverse

image

Tangential

Longitudinal/Raidal

image

image

Monilophyta

Vessel Elements

Sieve Tube Elements & Companion Cells

Eudicot Stem Cross Section

image

image

image

image

Monocot Stem Cross Section

image

Mendel Work summarized

Fundamental theory of heredity. Inheritance involves the passing of discrete units of inheritance (genes) from parents to offspring

Principle of segregation. During reproduction, the inherited factors (alleles) that determine traits are separated into reproductive cells by a process called meiosis

Principle of independent assortment. Genes located on different chromosomes will be inherited independently

Chi Squared

allows for statistical analysis of

𝛘2=⅀[(O-E)2/E]

How to Perform Wet Mount

take slice

place on slide

one drop of water

cover slip