Botany Lab Practical
Respiration Lab
Parts of Mitochondrion
Anatomy of a bean seed
Cells Lab
Parts of a microscope
Cell Wall - Cork Oak Cell
Epidermal Cells
Cells from bell pepper
Plastids
Chloroplasts
Chromoplasts
Amyloplasts/Leucoplasts
Photosynthesis Lab
develop a hypothesis
hypothesis
alternative hypothesis
photosynthesis
thylakoid reactions
Fluorescence
Contains
cytosol
outer membrane
matrix
cristae
intermembrane space
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
oxidative phosphorylation
electron transport chain
Cellular respiration
stepwise process that maximizes efficiency of breaking down glucose
so that organisms can use its energy rather than breaking bonds and losing tons of energy as light and heat
3 major steps
glycolysis
occurs in cytoplasm
citric acid cycle
mitochondrial matrix
electron transport chain
on mitochondrial cristae
- binocular tube
- ocular/ eye piece
- revolving nosepiece
- neck
- objective lense
- stage clamps
- power switch
- stage
- iris diaphragm
- course adjustment knob
- brightness control
- mechanical stage knob
- find adjustment knob
- base
Red Onion Epidermal Cells
Large Central Vacuole
Nuclei
nucleoli
cytoplasm
control centers of cell
house genetic info
dense clusters of RNA and proteins within nucleus
look like darker splotches within the nucleus
functions in storage
regulates the plant cell tonicity
suspends the other organelles
store colored lipids
common in flowers and fruits
act to color these plant organs as signal to pollinators and/or dispersers
act to protect the organs from harmful UV radiation
storage plastid
amyloplasts
store starch
green due to presence of photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll
responsible for photosynthesis
Alternation of Generations Lab
Stomata Lab
Vascular Tissue Evolution
Secondary Growth Lab
Roots Lab
Transpiration Lab
Cones and Flowers
Flowers and Fruits Lab
Mendel Lab
null hypothesis
testable, educated guess about what you believe may happen in experiment
first determine questions you want answered
suggests that control and treatment are different
assumes control and treatment are the same
process whereby almost all energy to drive biosphere derives
during photosynthesis
plants capture fraction of sun's energy
store energy in chemical bonds of carbohydrates
equation
light energy is used to split water
photolysis
and energize the electrons of chlorophyll reaction centers
some energy is captured
the electron carrier NADPH
in ATP bonds
releasing oxygen as byproduct
protective mechanism to protect their tissues when stressed
occurs when exited electrons from photosystem reaction centers are not picked up by electron carriers
rather than be passed to ETC
electrons return to their original orbit
energy absorbed is released back to environment
released as
low level light
fluorescence
heat
Meiosis Review
Liverwort
Gametophyte
Antheridiophore
Anteridiophore
Antheridium
1n
Sperm
1n
1n
Archegoniophore
Archegoniophore
1n
archegonium
1n
egg
1n
venter
1n
Sporophyte
sporophyte
2n
spores
1n
seta
2n
calyptra
1n
sporangium
2n
Mosses
Gametophyte
Antheridial Head (antheridiophore)
antheridium
1n
paraphyses
1n
sperm
1n
Archegonial head (archegoniophore)
archegonium
1n
egg
1n
neck
1n
paraphyses
1n
venter
1n
stalk
1n
Sporophyte
capsule
2n
calyptra
1n
operculum
2n
sporangium
2n
spores
1n
seta
2n
Fern
Gametophyte
Fern prothallium with antheridia
antheridium
gametophyte
1n
sperm
1n
1n
Fern prothallium with archegonia
archegonium
1n
egg
1n
gametophyte
1n
Sporophyte
Fern thallus with indusium and sporangia
annulus
2n
indusium
2n
sporagnium
2n
spore
1n
sporophyte
2n
stomata
epidermal cell
dermal tissue
guard cell
stoma
hypotonic
hypertonic
isotonic
higher osmotic pressure
lower osmotic pressure
equal osmotic concentration
summary table
essential functions performed by vascular system
deliver of resources
water
essential mineral nutrients
sugars and amino acids
Parenchyma Cells
mechanical support
communication within the plant
large with well developed large central vacuole
used for storage
often food and water
Types
Hydroids
water conducting
Leptoids
food conducting cells
Moss Gametophyte Tissue
Moss sporophyte tissue
Tracheids
Sieve Cells & Albuminous Cells
True tracheids
defined as single-celled conduits with lignified ornamented walls either banded or pitted
main function
transport water and inorganic salts
allos for water flow between cells
Labels
bark
5
early wood
4
cork
13
cork cambium
12
growth ring
8
late wood
3
periderm
10
epidermis
15
phellem
13
phellogen
12
phelloderm
14
secondary phloem
1
9
secondary xylem
6
3, 4, 8
vascular cambium
2
vascular ray
7
cortex
11
Secondary Tissues
tissues produced by two lateral meristems
perpetually embryonic
will continue to produce new tissues each year
over the lifespan of the perennial plant
Vascular Cambium
Primary growth of eudicot stem
Secondary Growth of Eudicot
Bark
layer of undifferentiated meristematic cells
includes all tissue outside vascular cambium
Apical Meristem
shoot apical meristem
root apical meristem
Root Cross Section
Monocot
Eudicot
Lateral Root Growth
transpiration
process whereby water evaporates from plant into air through openings in leaf (stomata)
Cohesion-Tension Theory
describes how large quantities of water move into and through a plant without aid of pump
1.water enters through root hair via osmosis due to hypotonic soil solution
- water passes through endodermis being forced to move symplastically due to casparian strip; solution filtered by plasma membrane, helping to prevent embolism & foreign invasion
3.water pulled up stem under tension in an unbroken column; water remains unbroken due to cohesion of water molecules and does not get pushed back down by gravity due to adhesion to vessel walls
- water potential gradient from mesophyll cells all the way back to xylem, draws water from vein
- water evaporates out of open stomata to drier atmosphere, creating water differential.and tension on the water column
Monocot Leaf
Eudicot Leaf
Stomata
open stomata
Factors that affect water potential and transpiration
solutes in water
relative humidity
temperature
allows water to exit
closed
reduce water loss
internal oxygen levels become too high
carbon dioxide levels become too low
resulting in photorespiration
water moves too rapidly or too much water lost
plant can suffer water stress
Life Cycles: Gymnosperm and Angiosperm
Gymnosperm
Pine Male Cone
microsporangium
2n
microsporophyll
2n
pollen grains
1n
air bladder
generative cell
1n
tube cell
1n
Female Cone
bract
2n
ovuliferous scale
2n
integument
2n
megasporocyte
2n
nucellus
ovule
Pine Ovule
archegonium
1n
egg
1n
megagametophyte
1n
megaspore
wall only
1n
micropyle
nucellus
megasporangium
2n
megasporangium
2n
Angiosperm
Anther Cross Section
anther
1n
2n
filament
2n
microsporocytes
2n
microgametophyte
1n
microspores
1n
tapetum
2n
Germinating Pollen Grains
pollenin
pollen tube
pollen tube nucleus
1n
sperm nuclei
1n
Ovary Cross Section
furniculum
2n
megagametophyte
1n
megaspore
1n
megasporocyte
2n
ovule
1n
2n
placenta
2n
Parts of Flower
Sepal
The lowermost and outermost of the four floral appendages
Pedicel
flower stalk
stamens
consist of
filament
anther
produces pollen
petals
protects flower during bud stage
often pigmented and showy
in order to visually attract pollinators
collectively referred to as a corolla
supports anther
collectively referred to as androecium
carpels
consists of
ovary
broadened base of carpel
contains of ovules
style
elongated structure extending from top of ovary and thought which pollen tubes grow
allows deliverance of sperm to egg
stigma
often sticky terminal end of style
receives and adheres pollen grains
- anther
- filament
- stamen
- pollen grain
microgametophyte
5 receptacle
- peduncle
- sepal
calyx
- petal
corolla
- stigma
- style
- carpel
- ovule
- stigma
- style
- ovary
Flower Function
pollination
refers to the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
Fruit Function
ovule develops into a seed
fruit development which doesn't require fertilization
parthenocarpy
heartwood vs sapwood
Heartwood
no longer functions in water conduction
waste storage area of tree
sapwood
water conducting wood
lighter colored
Hardwood vs softwood
hardwood
wood of flowering trees
softwood
wood of conifers
Cross/Transverse
Tangential
Longitudinal/Raidal
Monilophyta
Vessel Elements
Sieve Tube Elements & Companion Cells
Eudicot Stem Cross Section
Monocot Stem Cross Section
Mendel Work summarized
Fundamental theory of heredity. Inheritance involves the passing of discrete units of inheritance (genes) from parents to offspring
Principle of segregation. During reproduction, the inherited factors (alleles) that determine traits are separated into reproductive cells by a process called meiosis
Principle of independent assortment. Genes located on different chromosomes will be inherited independently
Chi Squared
allows for statistical analysis of
𝛘2=⅀[(O-E)2/E]
How to Perform Wet Mount
take slice
place on slide
one drop of water
cover slip