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Blood 2 - Coggle Diagram
Blood 2
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Describe the control of erythropoiesis via arterial blood oxygen content and formation of erythropoietin
homeostasis process
- STIMULUS = hypoxia (low levels of oxygen in tissues)
- RECEPTOR = kidney cells detect LOW O2 levels
- CONTROL CENTRE = proerythroblasts in red bone marrow
- mature MORE QUICKLY
- into reticulocytes
- EFFECTOR = larger no. of RBCs circulating
- increased oxygen delivery to tissue
- NEGATIVE FEEDBACK = oxygen delivery to kidney cells normal
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Describe the process of erythropoiesis and the role of iron, B12 & folic acid
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ROLE of Vitamin B12 & Folate
- required for DNA synthesis - cell multiplication
DEFICIENCY
- VERY FEW
- large
- Hb rich
- erythrocytes
ROLE of Iron
- required for Hb synthesis
DEFICIENCY
- fewer
- small
- Hb-poor (paler)
- erythrocytes
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Know the basic types of anaemia: blood loss, increased destruction (haemolysis) & impaired production
CAUSES
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1.ERYTHROPOIESIS
- low iron/folate/vitamin B12
- low EPO
- bone marrow disorder/aplasia
2.DEFICIT OF ERYTHROCYTES
- haemolysis - destruction of RBC
- blood loss
- hypersplenism - overactive spleen
CLASSIFICATION
staining
- HYPERCHROMIC = v red
- normochromic
- HYPOCHROMIC = v pale
size
- MACROCYTES = v big
- normocytes
- MICROCYTES = v small
RBC INDICES
MCV = Hct/RBC count
- mean cell volume
- normal range = 80-100 fL (femtolitres)
MCHC = Hb/Hct
- mean cell Hb concentration
- normal range = 320-350 g/L
MCH = Hb/RBC count
- mean cell Hb
- normal range = 28-32 pg (picograms)
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ETIOLOGY
1. impaired erythropoiesis
- disorders of cell division
- disorders of cell proliferation
- lack of EPO
- bone marrow aplasia
- disorder of Hb production
- deficiency of iron uptake
2. RBC depletion/haemolysis
- intraerythrocytic factors
- haemoglobinopathies
- cytoskeleton disorders
- defects of metabolic enzymes
- disorders of redox regulation
- extraerythrocytic factors
- genetic diseases
- toxic effects of drugs
- chronic inflammations/infections
- autoimmune antibodies
3. loss of RBCs
- acute blood loss
- chronic blood loss
4. impaired RBC distribution
- hypersplenism
(overactive spleen)
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Explain the breakdown of haemoglobin & the fate of its various products... including:
- transport
- conjunction in the liver
- excretion of bilirubin
- old RBCs engulfed by macrophage (phagocytosis) in:
- Hb within RBC:
- globin (protein) - metabolised into amino acids
- haem - splits into iron + bilirubin
- metabolised products
- amino acids = reused for protein synthesis
- bilirubin forms bile in liver + excreted via small intestine
- iron stored as ferritin + recycled in erythropoiesis
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