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How did Hitler become Chancellor? How did Hitler become Fuhrer? - Coggle…
How did Hitler become Chancellor? How did Hitler become Fuhrer?
Hitler's rise to power
May 1932:
Von Papen made Chancellor, Nazis join coalition government.
May - Dec 1932:
Hindenburg repeatedly refuses to appoint Hitler Chancellor.
April 1932:
Chancellor Bruning was sacked by Hindenburg.
Nov 1932:
Nazi support falls slightly in new election. Von Schleicher made Chancellor.
March - April 1932: Hitler comes 2nd to Hindenburg in 2 Presidential elections.
Dec 1932:
Von Schleicher loses support and has to resign: no-one can form a stable government.
1929 - 32: The Nazis become the largest party in the Reichstag.
Jan 1933:
Von Papen persuades Hindenburg to appoint Hitler Chancellor.
In 1933 Hitler became Chancellor but he did not become Fuhrer (Supreme Leader) until August 1934
Night of the Long Knives (Operation Hummingbird) June 30th 1934
Hitler believed Ernst Rohm, leader of the SA, was a threat to him:
The SA (3 million) were to loyal to Rohm
Rohm wanted high taxes for the rich – Hitler was friends with the rich
The national army itself was still stuck at 100,000 – generals were wary the SA could steal their jobs
Henrich Himmler, leader of the SS, disliked Rohm – he wanted the SS to be more powerful than the SA.
Hitler arranged a meeting with Rohm and 100 other SA leaders on 30th June 1934. These leaders were arrested, imprisoned and shot.
Von Papen (vice Chancellor) complained – the SS shot one of his staff, surrounded his house and cut off his telephone line – It was clear who was in charge now!
Hitler needed to make sure NO ONE could challenge him – not even people within his own party.
The Reichstag fire 1933
Hitler Blames Communist parties of Europe for News Reporters
People blamed a Dutch Communist for the fire - Cover up for a Nazi member??
Took place on 27th February 1933
Hitler wants to put in place the Enabling act - Lack of Freedom of speech + lack of Freedom of Associate
Consequences of The Reichstag fire (1933)
Hitler issued the Decree for protection of the people + the state
Hitler banned all communist party members from Reichstag
4,000 Communists Arrested on night of fire
Hitler told Hindenburg that communists were taking over Gov. To stop them, Hitler got Hindenburg to declare National Emergancy
Hindenburg announced a new election to take place in March 1933
The death of Hindenburg 2nd August 1934
Hitler made every soldier in the army take an oath of loyalty/allegiance to him.
The Weimar Republic had now officially ended.
As Fuhrer he would hold all the President’s powers along with those he already held as Chancellor.
The Third Reich had begun.
Hitler now announced that he was Germany’s Fuhrer.
The Enabling act
The Reichstag (parliament) supported the Enabling Act by 444 votes to 94, with Hitler's SA threatening opposition MPs and politicians fearful of voting against a majority government and 'the people's will'.
On the 23rd of March 1933, Hitler proposed the Enabling Act.
This meant that Hitler could make laws without the Reichstag.
After the Enabling Act, the Reichstag (parliament) could no longer stop Hitler.
Germany was no longer a democracy.
Hitler becomes Fuhrer
Hitler merged (joined) the roles of Chancellor and President together, becoming the new Führer.
Hitler called his regime the ‘Third Reich’ which he believed would last 1,000 years
In August 1934, President Hindenburg died.
Single party state in Germany
On the 14th of July 1933, all political parties were banned apart from the Nazi Party.
After this, all political opposition was removed
Trade Unions
In May 1933, trade union leaders were arrested and sent to concentration camps.
After this, all trade unions were officially banned and all workers were forced to join the German Labour Front (DAF)
The 1933 German Election
In the Weimar system of Proportional Representation, a coalition of parties needed over 50% to rule.
The Nazi-DNVP coalition had 51.9%
The Nazi Party won 43.9% in the 1933 election. The DNVP won 7.9% of the votes.
Loyalty in the Third Reich
Hitler forced the army to swear an oath of allegiance (loyalty) to him personally, not Germany.
On the 2nd August 1934, Blomberg added a new oath to the German army, swearing loyalty to the 'Fuhrer'.
Loyalty to the Führer was shown through the ‘Heil Hitler’ salute.
Control of Local Government
Each Gauleiter reported to Reichsleiters, who reported to Hitler. Goebbels was a Reichsleiter focused on propaganda.
In 1934, the Law for the Reconstruction of the Reich gave Hitler total control of local governments
Provinces (called Gaue) were all run by a Gauleiter, who was a Nazi trusted by Hitler.