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Classification of movement skills, Stages of learning, Practice strategies…
Classification of movement skills
fundamental motor skills
stability skills
balance and control
body control
locomotor skills
enable us to move through space
locomotive skills
manipulative skills
controlling objects
object control
aquatic skills
sport specific skills
rebounding in basketball
running
catching
landing
dynamic balance
dodging
jumping
twisting
stopping
classifying skills
movement precision
gross motor skills
recruitment of large muscle groups
less precision
examples
running
jumping
swimming
hopping
skipping
throwing
fine motor skills
recruitment of smaller motor skills
precise
examples
drawing
writing
typing
darts
serving
bowling in cricket
Type of movement
discrete
obvious beginning and end
brief in duration
e.g. kicking a ball, throw, bat, darts, tackling
serial
specific order
to perform a larger skill
combination of several discrete movements
e.g. gymnastics routine, hitting forehands in tennis, dance, layup
MAKES A NEW COMPLEX MOVEMENT
continuous
no beginning and end
stops at the end of event
continues to be performed
e.g. running or swimming, skipping, rowing, cycling
predictability of environment
closed motor skills
where performer has greatest control over performance
self paced
person controls when they do it
predictable environment
low inter-trial variability
(each trial would be mostly the same conditions)
e.g. tennis serve indoors, diving, darts, t-ball, gymnastics routine, kick in front of goals of footy
open motor skills
performer has less control over performance
ounpredictable environment
externally paced
variables controlled by other people or external factors
have high inter-trial variability
each trial is performed in different conditions
e.g. tennis match, soccer game, basketball game, outdoors, surfing, netball
there is a continuum
no skill is going to be completely one or the other
when answering questions, state the
predictability
pacing
intra-trial variability
Stages of learning
cognitive
beginner
brain
characteristics
fastest rate of improvement
difficulty recognising and correcting mistakes
learning to comprehend the skill
inconsistency
focus on motor skills
associative
practice/intermediate
characteristics
more consistent
with the skill
less attention on performing skill
refining movement pattern
now have some error detection
slower rate of improvement
autonomous
advanced/elite
characteristics
the activity is almost autonomous
consistent
focus on external factors
high level of error detection
slower improvments
small performance improvements
Practice strategies
practice distribution
massed
cognitive
distributed
associative and autonomous
practice variability
blocked
cognitive
random
associative and autonomous
type of practice
whole
associative and autonomous
part
cognitive
Giving feedback
why
helps with skill understanding
improvment
implementing strategy
increase consistency
ppt purposes
motivates learner
providing information about the process of skill learning
highlights skill errors
so learner can make appropriate corrections
provides positive reinforcment
confirming what the learner is performing correctly
feedback
intrinsic
auditory
relating to hearing
proprioception
awareness of body position and movement
touch
be careful in an exam
associated with the touch of hands
visual
athlete seeing the movement through their eyes
feedback from the learners senses
coaches can enhance this be asking if the player feels balanced etc
augmented
knowledge of performance
feedback of the execution of skill
e.g.
lift elbow in tennis serve
rotate hips
knowledge of the results
literal outcome
e.g.
basket ball went in
run time
score
sociocultural factors
examples:
family
transport
peers
socioeconomic status
community
cultural values
which sports you are likely to participate in
gender roles
role models
is bench pressing a serial or continuous skill