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BBS GD 9 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Trachea:
        
        Divides into left and right bronchi
      - Bronchi:
        
        Carry air to lungs
      - Bronchioles:
        
        Branches at end of bronchi
        
        Transport air to alveoli
      - Alveolar Ducts:
        
        Connect alveolar sacs and bronchioles
        
        Direct gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out)
      - Alveoli:
        
        Small sacs in lungs
        
        Perform body's gas exchange
- - - - Controlled by neural networks in hindbrain (pons, medulla)
      - Directs thorax and abdomen muscles for air movement
    - - Sets rhythm and phase length via reciprocal brainstem connections
      - Responds to blood CO2, O2, pH levels in medulla
    - - Multiple brain regions coordinate for ventilation control
  - - - Medulla and pons regulate rate, depth based on blood levels, muscle advantage, posture
    - - Can be influenced voluntarily, higher brain centers have input
    - - Increased stimuli lead to forced breathing in a positive-feedback relationship
- - - - Central Chemoreceptors:
        
        Located in medulla, sense pH changes due to CO2
        
        Respond to pH for hyperventilation or hypoventilation
      - Integration of Receptor Input:
        
        Peripheral and central inputs modulate respiratory rhythm
        
        Baseline rate around 12 breaths/minute for an average adult at rest
      - Respiratory Drive During Sleep:
        
        REM sleep alters breathing pattern, becomes irregular
        
        Muscle paralysis, reduced responsiveness to arterial levels
        
        Increased airway resistance, problematic in respiratory disease
  - - - Dorsal, ventral, and pontine groups control breathing rhythm
      - Interact for coordinated respiratory pace-making
    - - Mechanoreceptors relay volume, stretch, irritant info to brain
      - Via vagus nerve, regulate breathing rate, volume, cough
    - - Carotid, aortic bodies detect low oxygen levels primarily
      - Sense CO2, acidosis; less sensitive than central receptors
- - - - Diaphragm: Contracts to draw air in by expanding the thoracic cavity
      - External Intercostal Muscles: Elevate the ribcage, aiding in inhalation
    - - Abdominal Muscles: Contract during exhalation, increasing abdominal pressure to push air out
      - Accessory Expiratory Muscles: Assist exhalation during vigorous activity, including rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis, external/internal obliques, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, quadratus lumborum
- - - - Oxygen Transport:
      - 97% via red blood cells, 3% dissolved in plasma
      - Hemoglobin binds oxygen, forms oxyhemoglobin, transports to cells
      - Carbon Dioxide Transport:
      - Mostly dissolved, some as carbamino-hemoglobin (20-25%)
      - 70% as bicarbonate ions, 7% dissolved in plasma
- - - - Takes deoxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation
      - Branches to alveolar capillaries; pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to heart
    - - Provide oxygen to lung tissue for survival
      - Arise from aorta, deliver oxygenated blood to lung parenchyma
    - - Part of systemic circulation
      - Bronchial veins drain deoxygenated blood to azygos vein
    - - Superficial and deep plexuses drain lung
      - Flow: lung → intraparenchymal nodes → peribronchial nodes → tracheobronchial nodes → bronchomediastinal trunk → thoracic duct
- - - - Two-layered sac covering lungs
      - Parietal (outer) attaches to chest wall, visceral (inner) covers lungs
      - Contains pleural fluid for easy lung movement during breathing
    - - Superior: Thymus, trachea, esophagus; major vessels, nerves, lymphatics
      - Anterior: Thymus; minimal vessels or nerves
      - Middle: Heart, pericardium; major vessels, nerves, lymphatics
      - Posterior: Esophagus; aorta, veins, ducts, nerves
- - - - Drives airflow in breathing and firearms
      - Airway resistance equation: RAW = PM - PA - V
      - Firearms: Gunpowder generates pressure to propel bullets
    - - Influences airflow in breathing
      - Compliance reflects lung response to pressure changes
      - Firearms: Energy transmitted depends on mass, force, and time interval
    - - Opposes pressure, hinders airflow
      - Measured using Poiseuille's Law
      - Directly proportional to vessel length, inversely proportional to diameter in airways