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ES (utilitarian, political) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - from the 1990s onwards, there was an increase in utilitarian skepticism among the general public
        
        accompanied by critical assessments of the EU by governments
        
        why?
        
        expansion to less developed countries
        
        establishing the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
        
        need to meet convergence criteria, budgetary discipline, and the introduction the Euro led to negative evaluations of EU membership
        
        costs of integration, demand for a re-nationalization of EU distributive policies, and economic nationalism
        
        governing parties expressed national interests more directly
- - - - Maastricht Treaty in the 1990s played a significant role in the rise of political Euroscepticism
        
        expanded the scope of supranational institutions and powers
        
        increased opposition
        
        concerns about the transfer of sovereignty and the pooling of national powers
        
        Concerns arose over the potential conflict between EU citizenship and national citizenship
        
        broader resistance to "European identity" and European culture