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Populations and Communities, Cazetta - Coggle Diagram
Populations and Communities
Populations
Reproductive isolation
Behavioral
Mating rituals, courtship displays
Temporal
Mating seasons; times of reproductive activity
Geographical
Physical barrier
Group of individuals of a species that inhabit the same place at the same time.
Estimating population size
Random Sampling
Random sampling involves the unbiased selection of organisms, where each individual has an equal chance of being chosen.
Quadrat sampling for sessile organisms
Random sampling involves the unbiased selection of organisms, where each individual has an equal chance of being chosen.
Estimating population size for motile organisms
Capture, mark, recapture
Population dynamics
Population density
[nº of individuals in the population]
[occupied area/volume]
Changes over time
Growth
Birth and immigration
Limiting factos
Density dependent
Competition, predation
Density independent
Natural hazards
Decrease
Death and emigration
Metrics
Absolute growth rate
(Nf -Ni)
t
Relative growth rate
(Nf - Ni)/Ni
t
Strategies
R Strategy
Unstable environments (ecological disturbances)
Many puppies per litter, little parental care, high mortality rate
Small body size (short developmental period)
K Strategy
Stable or predictable environments
Few offspring per litter, high parental care (resulting in low mortality)
Generally larger body size (long development period)
Communities
Ecological interactions
Intraspecific (same species)
Harmonic
Society
Societies are associations between individuals of the same species, organized in a cooperative way and not anatomically linked. Pheromones play an important role!
Colony
Grouping of several individuals of the same species that have a high degree of dependence on each other (physically united), whether or not division of labor may occur
Disharmonic
Cannibalism
Ecological relationship in which certain species of animals feed on individuals of the same species
Competition
Competition relationship between individuals of the same species, who compete for the same environmental factors, which exist in limited quantity.
Interspecific (≠ species)
Harmonic
Mutualism +/+
Although both species involved benefit, they can live independently without this harming them.
Symbiosis
Relationship that involves physical union between individuals of different species, in which both benefit.
Epiphytism +/0
Association in which only one of the participants benefits (shelter or support), without causing any harm to the other.
Disharmonic
Parasitism +/-
Disharmonious relationship between beings of different species, in which one of them is the parasite that lives inside or on the body of the other that is designated as the host, from which it takes food to survive in a constant time.
Predatition +/-
Predator-prey dynamics
One species (predator) uses another (prey) as a food source, causing its death
Competition -/-
Relationship of competition between individuals of different species, which compete for the same environmental factors, factors existing in limited quantities.
Allelopathy
It consists of a disharmonious relationship in which individuals from a population secrete or expel substances that inhibit or prevent the development of individuals from populations of other species.
Invasive Species
Exotic species
“A species, subspecies, or lower taxon,
introduced outside its natural range
in the past or present; includes any parts, gametes, seeds, eggs or propagules of these species that can survive and subsequently reproduce (CDB)”
Invasive exotic species
“Alien species that become established in natural or semi-natural ecosystems and habitats, are an
agent of change
, and
threaten native biological diversity
” (IUCN)
Stability
Stable Ecosystems
Requirements
Resistance
Resistance is the ability of an ecosystem to remain stable in the face of disturbances.
Resilience
Resilience is the ability to recover after a disturbance.
Factors
Supply of energy
An ecosystem with a higher diversity of producers will likely be more resistant to changes in biotic and abiotic factors.
Recycling of nutrients
By efficiently recycling nutrients, ecosystems can maintain nutrient availability, supporting the productivity of populations.
Biodiversity
Species diversity ensures that there are enough different species to fulfill various ecological roles, which creates a more resilient ecosystem.
Climatic factors
Ecosystems that experience extreme physical changes or are subject to extreme weather events are less likely to be stable.
Examples
Tropical rainforests
Coral reefs
Boreal forests
Sonoran Desert
The stability of an ecosystem is the ability to maintain its structure and function over time, despite changes or disturbances.
Set of populations of different species that inhabit the same place at the same time.
Cazetta
