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Exploring Psych - Week 6 - Revision - Coggle Diagram

- - - - e.g through attachment theory.
  - - - 2 periods we have critical and sensitive periods
        
        critical periods are common among parrots specific kinds of birds that after hatching they get attached to the first moving object that they see, if there is no such object or person there if there isn’t then they live their lives alone. If this does not happen then we have lost the opportunity to develop.
        
        Sensitive periods - we get a period of time where it is important for the change to happen but it is not that the development will not occur at some stage - we may delay a bit but the change will happen - for example language acquisition. Best time to learn a language within the first few years.They will learn the language at some point.
    - - Continuity - small changes that occur in different periods of our lives but they are of the same nature, small changes through their lifespan
      - Discontinuity - butterfly actually develops in three completely different types of development. Developmental phases are very distinct.
      - What about people?
        
        We develop from both
        
        we grow - small changes and continuity.
        
        some periods that we actually develop very differently than when we were infants and young children discontinuity.
    - - E.g personality and intelligence
      - Is development stable through all our lives?
      - Is development the same for all of us?
      - Main conclusion: that we can not ignore individual differences. There are certain patterns of development e.g learning a language but there are a lot of individual differences either due to genetics or environmental differences.
- - - - Bandura, Through environment.
        
        eg Bobo doll experiment
        
        If a child develops aggressive behavior it is very lilley that their parents encourage and reward aggressive behavior.
        
        Modelling behaviour
        
        Classical and operant conditioning
        
        Classical conditioning
        
        Think pavlovs dogs
        
        Operant conditioning
        
        Through reward and punishment
    - - Piaget
        
        Active construction -child themselves will interact with the environment.
        
        Stages of development
        
        preopertional stage
        
        concrete operational stage
        
        formal operational stage
        
        Sensorimotor stage
    - - Freud, stages, if things go wrong we develop fixations and fixations follow us through all our lives and we develop certain disorders and deficits because of these fixations.
      - Erikson also was strong in - ideas and development based on biological drives we are born with the drive of aggressiveness.
    - - Vygotsky
        
        Developed sociocultural theory and highlights the importance of culture in development
        
        Personality is influenced by the culture
        
        Collectivism and individualism
- - - - Different individuals of different ages.
      - Cons: Snapshots, group confounds
      - Pros: Fast and cheap :smiley:
    - - Longitudinal method with different cohorts.
      - Cons: share cons with both designs
      - Pros: Age vs cohorts
    - - Follows individuals over time.
      - Cons: drop outs, age vs cohort, expense
      - Pros: continuity
    - - development over short periods.
      - Cons: Short time window.
      - Pros: Developmental processes.
  - - - Little Albert Experiment, Merill-Palmer Quartlerly (1972)
    - - No deception
      - Privacy
      - Informed consent
      - Confidentiality
      - Freedom from harm
      - Debriefing and advice
      - Withdrawal
      - Internal review boards
- - - - The mother plays with the baby and engages, then the mother is asked not to respond to the baby.
        
        The baby quickly picks up on this and uses all 'communication' abilities to get attention back.
    - - His influential model dictates that, during intimate and playful spontaneous face-to-face protoconversations, the emotions of both the 2–3-month-old infant and mother are nonverbally communicated, perceived, mutually regulated, and intersubjectively shared.
    - - Oster (2005)
        
        Emotion regulation - pouting
        
        Pouting is an incredible emotion, for infants and children it has a lot of communicative value, something in between crisis and do something for the crisis, not crying, they are incredibly skilled in regulating emotions, pouting is ready to cry. One last chance to do something about it. Pouting is last chance to the caregiver. Listen to me or it is going to be screaming and crying for a long time.
      - Maternal Depression
        
        When a mother is depressed the babies do not get the attention they need, they become extremely disturbed, they will not eat, cooperate, sleep at night, cry a lot. A lot of policies are in place to support the mother but also to provide a more supportive environment for the child and mother at home, another should be present while mother recovers from depression.
      - Italian researchers young chimpanzees. Mirroring (tongue protrusion)
        
        Mirror neurons