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Hand - Coggle Diagram
Hand
CP of hand infection
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- Pain, or swelling in the hand
- Redness or warmth in the affected area
- Drainage of pus or fluid from the hand
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- Difficulty moving the fingers or wrist
- Numbness or tingling in the hand
- Skin discoloration or blistering
- Odor coming from the affected area
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- Red streaks spreading from the site of infection
- Swollen lymph nodes in the armpit or neck
- Joint stiffness or locking
- Open or draining wounds on the hand
- Tissue damage or necrosis (dead tissue)
- Inability to grasp or hold objects
- Severe hand pain or tenderness
Surgical anatomy
Bones:
- The hand consists of 27 bones, which can be grouped into three regions: the carpal bones, the metacarpal bones, and the phalanges.
- The carpal bones form the wrist joint, while the metacarpal bones connect the hand to the wrist and the phalanges form the fingers.
Joints:
- The hand has several joints, including the carpometacarpal joint, the metacarpophalangeal joint, the proximal interphalangeal joint, and the distal interphalangeal joint.
- The carpometacarpal joint connects the carpal bones to the metacarpal bones, while the metacarpophalangeal joint connects the metacarpal bones to the proximal phalanges.
- The proximal interphalangeal joint connects the proximal and middle phalanges, and the distal interphalangeal joint connects the middle and distal phalanges.
Ligaments:
- Ligaments are strong bands of connective tissue that hold the bones together.
- The hand has several ligaments, including the radiocarpal ligament, the ulnocarpal ligament, and the intercarpal ligaments.
Tendons:
- Tendons are bands of connective tissue that attach muscles to bones.
- The hand has several tendons, including the flexor tendons, which bend the fingers, and the extensor tendons, which straighten the fingers.
Muscles:
- The hand has several muscles, including the flexor digitorum superficialis, the flexor digitorum profundus, the extensor digitorum, and the extensor indicis.
Nerves:
The hand is supplied by several nerves, including the median nerve, the ulnar nerve, and the radial nerve.
Blood Vessels:
The hand is supplied by several arteries, including the radial artery, the ulnar artery, and the palmar arch.
Common Hand Surgeries:
- Some common hand surgeries include carpal tunnel release, trigger finger release, tendon repair, joint replacement, and hand fracture repair.
- Understanding the surgical anatomy of the hand is essential for performing these surgeries successfully.
Investigations
- Blood tests to check for infection or inflammation
- X-rays or CT scans to assess bone or joint involvement
- Ultrasound or MRI to evaluate soft tissue involvement
- Culture and sensitivity tests to identify the specific bacteria or fungi causing the infection
- Biopsy of the affected tissue to confirm the diagnosis
TTT
(need more details)
- Paronychia: This is an infection of the skin around the nail, usually caused by bacteria or fungi. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and pus. Treatment may include antibiotics, drainage of the abscess, and nail trimming.
- Cellulitis: This is a bacterial infection of the skin and soft tissue, which can spread quickly. Symptoms include redness, swelling, warmth, and pain. Treatment may include antibiotics, drainage of any abscesses, and elevation of the affected hand.
- Flexor tenosynovitis: This is an infection of the sheath that surrounds the tendons in the hand, which can cause pain and swelling. Treatment may include antibiotics, drainage of any abscesses, and surgical drainage of the affected area.
- Impetigo: This is a bacterial infection of the skin that can cause blisters and pus. Treatment may include antibiotics and drainage of any abscesses.
- Fungal infections: These can affect the skin, nails, or both. Symptoms include itching, redness, and peeling. Treatment may include antifungal medications, such as creams or pills.