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SA Election Regulation, Formal Institutions, Why? - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Bodies / organisations invloved in upkeep/development
        of regulations and institutions, rules
      - Goverments, Regulators, professional bodies, standard setting bodies
      - The Electoral Commission
        
        This Commission, known as the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC), impartially manages elections at all three levels of government to make sure that elections are free and fair. Its goal is to strengthen constitutional democracy through regular free and fair elections in which every voter is able to vote.
        
        Make use of Command and control Regulatory strategy
    - - Norms, customs, traditions, codes of conduct
    - - On 17 April 2023, the President of the Republic of South Africa signed the Electoral Amendment Bill into law.
        
        This is a significant milestone in the evolution of South Africa’s democracy, which expands electoral participation and widens the pool of leadership choice for national and provincial elections.
      - Constitution of R.S.A
        
        Chapter 9 of the Constitution states that a number of "State Institutions Supporting Constitutional Democracy" be provided for.
        
        The Electoral Commission
    - - Electorial code of conduct
        
        Rules
        
        Speak out against political violence and threats against other parties, the Electoral Commission, members of the public and the media;
        
        Let the authorities know about planned marches or rallies;
        
        Communicate with other political parties about planned political events;
        
        Recognise the authority of the Electoral Commission;
        
        Work with the Electoral Commission structures and allow them to perform their duties;
        
        Work with the police in their investigation of election crime and violence;
        
        Accept the results of the election or challenge the result in court.
  - - - Impartiality;
      - Integrity;
      - Accountability;
      - Transparency;
      - Participation;
      - Responsiveness
      - Respect
  - - - Criticism: Government
        can be self-serving for votes and corruption
      - Aka: Market Failure Theory
      - Usually by Government
      - Maximisation of social welfare
      - Regulation introduces for public good
    - - Aka: Regulation Capture Theory
      - Example: Trade unions, tobacco, alcohol, fossil fuel industries
      - Competing interest groups lobby the state for regulation that will serve their interest
      - Critiicism: Self interest, Subjectivity
      - Self interest served rather than public interest
  - - - Different types of regulation requires different regulatory strategies
      - The right type of strategy will ensure effective regulation
    - - Command and control
        
        Characteristics
        
        Regulations are strictly enforced
        
        Severe penalties on non-compliance
        
        Regulators adopts clear stance on what is acceptable behavior
        
        Weaknesses
        
        Regulator may be influenced because of close relationship between regulator and regulated
        
        Strategy may lead to inflexible rules
        
        Difficult to establish which standards are appropriate
        
        Enforcement requires large volumes of inspection
      - Self Regulation
        
        Characteristics
        
        Less severe than command and control
        
        Organisations develop and enforce their own rules
        
        Are not regulated by government or external force
        
        Weaknesses
        
        Fairness in the process
        
        Rules may be self-serving
      - Incentive -based regulation
        
        Characteristics
        
        Behavior is influences through positive incentives
        
        Weaknesses
        
        Difficult to predict the effectiveness of this strategy