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CHAPTER 3: The Chemical Basis of Life, II: Organic Molecules - Coggle…

- - - - Polysaccharides: Many monosaccharides linked together to form long polymers.
      - Monosaccharides: Simplest form of sugars. Has two different ways to depict structures: Ring and Linear.
      - Disaccharides: Composed of two monosaccharides and are broken apart by hydrolysis.
    - - Sugars
      - Starch
      - Cellulose
  - - - Fats
        
        Also known as triglycerides or triacylglycerols.
        
        Formed by bonding glycerol to 3 fatty acids.
        
        Joined by dehydration; broken apart by hydrolysis
        
        Saturated fatty acids: all carbons linked by single bonds
        
        Unsaturated fatty acids: contain one or more double bonds
        
        Important for energy storage
      - Phospholipids
        
        Formed from glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group.
        
        Phospholipids are amphiphatic molecules:
        
        Phosphate head - polar/hydrophilic
        
        Fatty acid tail - nonpolar/hydrophobic
      - Steroids
        
        Four interconnected rings of carbon atoms.
        
        Usually insoluble in water.
        
        Example: Cholesterol
      - Waxes
        
        Esters of long-chain fatty acids and long-chain alcohols
        
        Non-polar lipids that form protective coating on plants and animals.
        
        Examples: Beeswax, Carbauba Wax, Cutin, Spermaceti, and Skin Lipids
  - - - Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
        
        Stores genetic information coded in the sequence of nucleotide monomers.
        
        Contains Thymine (T), Adenine (A), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C)
        
        2 strands, a double helix and is only one form.
      - Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
        
        Decodes DNA into instructions for linking together a specific sequence of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
        
        Contains Uracil (U), Adenine (A), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C).
        
        A single strand and can be of several forms.
  - - - made from 20 different amino acids
- - - - Cis-trans isomers: positioning around double bond
      - Enantiomers: mirror image molecules