Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
T.B urinary bladder - Coggle Diagram
T.B urinary bladder
CP
- Frequent urination: This is one of the most common symptoms of T.B urinary bladder. Patients may need to urinate more frequently than usual, especially at night.
- Painful urination: Urination may be painful, burning, or uncomfortable.
- Blood in the urine: T.B urinary bladder can cause bleeding in the bladder, resulting in blood in the urine.
- Urinary tract infections: Patients may experience recurrent urinary tract infections that do not respond to antibiotics.
- Urinary urgency: Patients may feel a sudden and urgent need to urinate, even when the bladder is not full.
- Urinary incontinence: In severe cases, T.B urinary bladder can cause urinary incontinence, which is the inability to control urination.
- Lower abdominal pain: Patients may experience lower abdominal pain, particularly in the area of the bladder.
- Fever: Some patients may develop a fever as a result of the infection.
- Weight loss: In severe cases, T.B urinary bladder can lead to weight loss due to decreased appetite and malnutrition.
Investigations
- Urine culture: A urine culture may reveal the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes TB.
- Cystoscopy: In patients with urinary bladder TB, cystoscopy may reveal ulcerations, granulomas, and inflammation in the bladder wall.
- Urinary cytology: Urinary cytology involves examining cells obtained from a urine sample under a microscope. In patients with urinary bladder TB, urinary cytology may reveal the presence of epithelioid cells, which are characteristic of TB.
- Imaging studies: Imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans may reveal enlargement of the urinary bladder, thickening of the bladder wall, and the presence of granulomas in the bladder.
- Tuberculin skin test (TST): A TST involves injecting a small amount of tuberculin, a protein derived from M. Tuberculosis, into the skin. A positive TST indicates previous exposure to TB.
- Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs): IGRAs are blood tests that measure the immune response to M. Tuberculosis. A positive IGRA indicates active TB infection.
- Chest X-ray: A chest X-ray may reveal evidence of pulmonary TB, which can help confirm the diagnosis of urinary bladder TB, as pulmonary TB is a common source of extrapulmonary TB.
TTT
The treatment of TB of the urinary bladder involves a combination of antibiotics and supportive care. The treatment duration is typically 6-9 months, depending on the patient's response to therapy. Here is a detailed overview of the treatment:
- Antibiotics: The primary treatment for TB of the urinary bladder involves the use of antibiotics that are effective against M. Tuberculosis. The recommended antibiotic regimen for TB of the urinary bladder includes:
- Isoniazid (INH) 300mg daily
- Rifampicin (RIF) 600mg daily
- Ethambutol (EMB) 1200mg daily
- Pyrazinamide (PZA) 2000mg daily (for the first 2 months of treatment)
- Duration of treatment: The treatment duration for TB of the urinary bladder is typically 6-9 months. The initial phase of treatment (2 months) involves the use of PZA, which is a more potent antibiotic against M. Tuberculosis. After 2 months, PZA is discontinued, and the patient continues with INH, RIF, and EMB for an additional 4-7 months.
- Supportive care: In addition to antibiotics, patients with TB of the urinary bladder may require supportive care to manage symptoms such as urinary frequency, urgency, and dysuria. This may include:
- Urinary catheterization: In severe cases of urinary bladder TB, urinary catheterization may be necessary to relieve urinary retention and prevent urinary tract infections.
- Antispasmodics: Antispasmodics such as oxybutynin and tolterodine may be prescribed to relieve urinary frequency and urgency.
- Pain relievers: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be prescribed to manage abdominal pain.
- Follow-up: Patients with TB of the urinary bladder should undergo regular follow-up with their healthcare provider to monitor their response to therapy and to ensure that the treatment is effective. Follow-up may involve:
- Urine cultures: Urine cultures should be performed periodically to monitor for the clearance of M. Tuberculosis from the urinary bladder.
- Imaging studies: Imaging studies such as CT scans and MRI scans may be performed to monitor for the resolution of bladder inflammation and granulomas.
- Cystoscopy: Cystoscopy may be performed periodically to monitor for the resolution of bladder lesions and to ensure that there are no complications such as bladder stones or bladder cancer.
T.B (tuberculosis) urinary bladder, also known as extrapulmonary tuberculosis, is a rare form of tuberculosis that affects the urinary bladder. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually infects the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream.