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Eukaryotic cell structure, Cell wall, Vacuoles - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Act as the control centre of the cell through the production of mRNA and tRNA and hence protein synthesis.
      - Retain the genetic material of the cell in the form of DNA and chromosomes
      - Manufacture ribosomal RNA and ribosomes.
- - - - Examples of metabolically active cells include muscle and epithelial cells, Epithelial cells in the intestines require a lot of ATP in the process of absorbing substances from the intestines by active transport.
- - - - The granal membranes provide a large surface area for the attachment of chlorophyll, electron carriers and enzymes that carry out the first stage of photosynthesis. These chemicals are attached to the membrane in a highly ordered fashion.
      - The fluid of the stroma possesses all the enzymes needed to make sugars in the second stage of photosynthesis.
      - Chloroplasts contain both DNA and ribosomes so they can quickly and easily manufacture some of the proteins needed for photosynthesis.
- - - - Provide a large surface area for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins
      - Provide a pathway for the transport of materials, especially proteins, throughout the cell
    - - Synthesis, store and transport lipids
      - Synthesise, store and transport carbohydrates.
- - - - Once sorted, the modified proteins and lipids are transported in Golgi vesicles which are regularly pinched off the the ends of the Golgi cisternae.. There vesicles may move to the cell surface, where they fuse with the membranes and release their contents to the outside.
- - - - The functions of lysosomes are to:
        
        Hydrolyse material ingested by phagocytic cells, such as white blood cells and bacteria.
        
        Release enzymes to the outside of the cell (exocytosis) in order to destroy material around the cell.
        
        Digest worn out organelles so that the useful chemicals they are made of can be re-used.
        
        Completely break down cells after they have died (autolysis)
        
        Given the roles that lysosomes perform, it is not surprising that they are especially abundant in secretory cells, such as epithelial cells, and in phagocytic.
- - - - To provide mechanical strength in order to prevent the cell bursting under the pressure created by the osmotic entry of water.
      - To give mechanical strength to the plant as a whole.
      - To allow water to pass along it and so contribute to the movement of water though the plant.