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CQ1: How are sports injuries classified and managed?, Definition,…

- - - - A hard tissue injury is any injury to the skeletal system resulting in fractures, dislocations or damage to teeth.
- - - - Closed fracture: Remains inside the body and does not pierce the skin. For example, a netball player falls over and lands on their wrist. Through excessive weight, the wrist fratures.
      - Open Fracture: A break that pierces the skin so that the bone can be seen. Known as compound fractures. Can lead to an open wound and bleeding. For example, a tibia and fibula compound fracture occur in due to contact sports such as rugby as a result on high energy collision in a tackle, placing excessive pressure on the bone that they can withstand.
      - Complicated fracture: Where the bone causes further damage to major nerves, organs or blood vessels. Can be life threatening. May be occur when an athlete particpates in pole vaulting and falls from a high place, further leading to a complication of tetanus.
    - - Incomplete: Does not break the whole way through the bone, so that the bone is still in one piece, but has a break in it. For example, a basketball player falls over placing excessive force on their wrist, leading an hairline fracture in the carpals.
      - Complete fracture: Breaks clean through the bone, so that there are now two parts. Can occur in boxing match, when more force is applied to the bone than the bone can take, leading to a complete fracture of the cheekbone.
      - Comminuted fracture: Result in more than two arts of the bone. Smashing of the bone or simply multiple fractures in one bone. For example, an opponent of a rugby game tackles a player, leading the opponent to a comminuted fracture in the patella due to excessive force.
    - - Immobilise the area, reduce pain, prevent further damage, and reduce bleeding.
  - - - Signs and symptoms: Pain at the joint, swelling at the joint, brusing around the joint, deformity, tenderness, or the inability to move.
        
        Management: Do not move the joint or attempt to relocate. Check for circulation, support the area and apply ice packs.
    - - First Aid - DRSABCD. Danger - Check for danger to self, others and casualty, Depending on the sport, stop play. Response - Check for response. Communicate with them and receive information on the occurance of the injury. Send - Contact or reach out to medical attention if required. Airway - Ensure casualty are conscious and breathing. CPR - If casualty is not breathing. Defibrillation - Use as soon as possible if CPR is required and is necessary.
      - First Aid - STOP: On-field assessment. S - Stop the athlete from particpating and stop the game if necessary. T - Talk to the injured athele. What happened? How did it happen? Does it hurt anywhere else? O - Observe whilst talking to the athlete. Are they distressed> Positioned unusually? Can the athlete move the injured site? P - Prevent further injury by ensured a detailed assessment of TOTAPS.
- - - - Phase 1 - The inflammatory stage: Blood flow will increase to the area causing pain and swelling around the site of the injury. The will redurce range of motion and will damage cells surrounding the tissue area.
      - Phase 2 - The repair and regenerative stage: Begins 48 hour post injury and can last anywhere between 3 days to 6 weeks. Damaged tissue is broken dow, fibres a prepared and scar tissue forms.
      - Phase 3: Remodelling and repair stage - Can take up to months as scare tissue production is increased and replacement tissue is strengthened. Can replace scar tissue if roper treatment is sought from health professionals. Athelet must balance rest and excerise. Full health will not be achieved until this phase is complete.
  - - - Rest - To decrease blood flow to the injured site. E.g lying down. Ice - Reduce swelling, pain and vasoconstriction of blood vessels. E.g. ice pack. Compression - Constrction and reducing of swelling. E.g bandage. Elevation - Restrict blood flow and reduce pain, bleeding and swelling. E.g. raise injury to the level of the heart. Referral - Provde treatment and rehabilitation plans as early as possible, identifying the injury. E.g through physiotherapists.
    - - Do not use Heat as it increases swelling and bleeding. Aboid heat packs. Do not use Alcohol as it increases swelling and bleeding and delay healing. Do not Run or continue to excerise, as it aggravates the injury in pain, swelling and bleeding. Do not Massage as it increases swelling and bleeding. These are all best avoided for the first 48-72 hours of the injury.