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Wave Optics - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Explanation of laws of reflection and refraction
      - Predicted speed of light to be greater in denser mediums
    - - Popularized the corpuscular model through his book "OPTICKS"
      - Reinforced the idea that light consists of particles
    - - Proposed light as a wave phenomenon
      - Explained reflection and refraction phenomena
      - Contradicted the corpuscular model by predicting a slower speed of light in denser mediums
    - - Foucault's experiment (1850) confirming the wave model's prediction
      - Challenges in accepting the wave theory due to Newton’s authority and the concept of light traveling through vacuum
  - - - Corpuscular model: Faster speed in denser mediums
      - Wave model: Slower speed in denser mediums
    - - Established light as a wave phenomenon
      - Measured the wavelength of visible light
    - - Integrated electricity, magnetism, and optics
      - Predicted electromagnetic waves and their speed
      - Suggested that light waves are electromagnetic in nature
    - - Method for determining the shape of a wavefront at a later time
      - Explanation for the propagation of plane and spherical waves
- - - - Wavefront as a surface of constant phase.
      - Analogy: Circular rings on a water surface showing maximum disturbance.
    - - Points on the wavefront oscillate in phase.
      - The speed of wavefront movement is the speed of the wave.
  - - - Emitted uniformly in all directions from a point source.
      - Wavefronts are spheres where all points have the same amplitude and phase.
      - Example: Diverging spherical wave from a point source.
    - - Formed at a large distance from the source.
      - A small portion of the spherical wavefront approximates a plane.
      - Conceptualization: A large sphere appearing as a flat surface when observed from a great distance.
  - - - Determining the wavefront at a later time from its initial shape.
      - Essential for understanding wave propagation.
    - - The new wavefront is the forward envelope of secondary waves.
      - Secondary waves are spherical when light speed is direction-independent.
      - Rays perpendicular to the wavefronts, with consistent travel time.
    - - Forms the basis for laws of reflection and refraction.
      - Superposition principle: Critical for interference effects in light.
- - - - Application of Huygens' principle to plane waves.
      - Focus on the amplitude of secondary wavelets.
    - - Determination of wavefront shape in different media.
      - Representation of wavefronts at different times and mediums.
    - - Illustration of wavefronts and their propagation angles.
      - Calculation of travel time and distance (e.g., BC = v1 * t).
  - - - Reflection using Huygens' principle.
      - Transformation of wavefront upon reflection.
    - - Incident plane wave leading to a spherical wavefront.
      - Convergence of wavefronts to focal points.
    - - Prisms
        
        Refraction of plane waves through a prism.
        
        Delay in wavefront propagation in glass.
      - Lenses
        
        Behavior of plane waves in convex lenses.
        
        Focus on real image formation.
        
        Equal time of travel for different rays.
      - Mirrors
        
        Reflection of plane waves by concave mirrors.
        
        Spherical wavefronts converging to focal points.
- - - - Resultant displacement at a point is the vector sum of displacements produced by each wave.
      - Essential for understanding the formation of interference patterns.
    - - Nodal lines (no displacement) and antinodal lines (maximum displacement) in interference.
      - Visual representation through examples like oscillating needles in water.
  - - - Defined by a constant phase difference between waves.
      - Example: Two needles moving identically, producing water waves with a stable phase difference.
      - Result in stable interference patterns with clearly defined maxima and minima.
    - - Characterized by abrupt phase changes, e.g., light from ordinary sources like sodium lamps.
      - Lack a fixed phase relationship between waves.
      - Lead to the addition of intensities without interference patterns.
      - Practical Example: Illumination by two separate light sources resulting in added intensities without interference fringes.
- - - - Principle of Superposition
        
        Resultant intensity at a point is a combination of individual intensities plus an interference term.
        
        Interference term significant only if sources have the same frequency and a stable phase difference.
      - Interference Term Characteristics
        
        Requires coherent sources for stable interference patterns.
        
        Phase difference impacts the type of interference (constructive or destructive).
    - - Experiment Setup
        
        Use of monochromatic light illuminating two slits.
        
        Formation of interference patterns on a screen placed at a distance.
      - Pattern Analysis
        
        Superposition of single-slit diffraction and double-slit interference patterns.
        
        Measurement of fringe spacing to determine wavelength of light.
      - Quantitative Analysis
        
        Calculating intensity variations at different points on the screen.
        
        Determination of fringe positions for different wavelengths.
  - - - Wave Superposition
        
        Coherent waves from two sources (S1 and S2) leading to interference patterns.
        
        Superposition of spherical waves results in distinctive fringes.
      - Mathematical Formulation
        
        Quantitative analysis using equations to describe wave superposition.
        
        Calculations involving phase differences and resultant wave intensities.
    - - Determining Maximum and Minimum Intensities
        
        Analysis to locate positions of maximum (constructive interference) and minimum (destructive interference) intensities on the screen.
        
        Use of Young’s interference pattern arrangement as a reference.
      - Practical Applications
        
        Determination of fringe spacing and pattern characteristics in experimental setups.
        
        Application of theoretical calculations to practical experimental data.
- - - - General characteristic of all wave types (light, sound, water, matter).
      - Observable in optical instruments' resolution limitations.
      - Example: Diffraction effects seen in CDs.
      - Historical observation by Newton of light spreading from narrow holes and slits.
    - - Phenomenon where a single narrow slit acts as a new source of light.
      - Superposition of single-slit diffraction and double-slit interference in experiments.
      - Simple observation methods using common household items.
  - - - Distribution of intensity across diffraction patterns.
      - Relationship between diffraction and interference.
      - Equations for fringe patterns produced by diffraction.
    - - Calculating intensity and pattern based on phase differences.
      - Division of slit into smaller parts to analyze contributions at different points.
      - Mathematical relations to determine maxima and minima in diffraction patterns.
  - - - Practical experiments to observe diffraction patterns using simple setups.
      - Understanding diffraction through daily observations like the effect of sunlight on shiny surfaces.
    - - Discussion on the conceptual differences and similarities between interference and diffraction.
      - Redistribution of light energy in diffraction leading to fringe patterns.
      - Conservation of energy in diffraction phenomena.
- - - - Polarisation is related to the nature of transverse electromagnetic waves, like light waves.
    - - Polarised light has oscillations in a specific direction, parallel to the polaroid axis.
      - Unpolarised light, in contrast, oscillates in multiple directions.
  - - - Polaroids filter light, allowing only components parallel to their axis to pass.
      - Intensity control by adjusting the angle between two polaroids.
      - Application in sunglasses, windowpanes, photographic and 3D movie cameras.
    - - Examining the intensity of light transmitted through polaroids.
      - Relationship between the angle of polaroid rotation and light intensity.
  - - - Formulas representing the intensity of polarised light after passing through polarisers.
    - - Intensity of light after passing through a second polariser described by I = Io cos^2θ
      - Malus' Law quantifies the relationship between the polariser angle and light intensity.