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Bone Health, “Hypercalcemia”, To provide strength and rigidity - Coggle…

- - - - Protein Matrix (osteoid)
        
        Provides flexibility
    - - Including
        
        Hydroxyapatite Crystal
        
        deposited onto protein collagen matrix of bone
        
        Calcium
        
        Phosphorus
      - Function
  - - - Muscle attached to bones by tendons
      - Organs hang from skeleton
      - Organs protected by skeleton
    - - containing nerves, cartilage, connective tissue in osteoid (protein matrix)
      - RBC, WBC and platelets are produced in bone marrow (centre long bone)
  - - - ivory like and very dense
        
        comprises 80% of entire skeleton including
        
        most small bones
        
        outer surface of long bones
    - - Lace like in texture and not as dense as cortical bones
        
        comprises 20% of entire skeletron including
        
        ends of long bones
        
        such as arms and legs
        
        spinal vertebrae
        
        inside flat bones
        
        such as ribs, skulls
        
        pelvis bones
      - Sensitive to hormones that regulate deposits and withdrawals of Calcium into and from bones
  - - - osteoblast cells are more active than osteoclasts
        
        Therefore, we make more bones than we breakdown
        
        leads to
        
        Increase in the size and length of bones
    - - This is where bones take on specific shape
        
        Such as, rib cage or femur
    - - In this stage we have bone turnover, where they are broken down and rebuilt
        
        Involves resorption and formation
        
        Effects bone density
  - - - involved in building bones
      - It's active during childhood, but activity is lost during adulthood
    - - involved in the breakdown (crumble) bones
      - It's active throughout lifetime but less active during periods of growth
  - - - It uses a low x-ray scan to scan the entire body or specific area
        It's non-invasive, painless and quick procedure
        
        The scan produces a T-score which is compared with a healthy 30-year old of the same gender and race
- - - - Blood & Tissue
        
        Over 300 systems with enzymes require Magnesium (protein, fat, and nucleic acid synthesis)
        
        Stabilizes Phosphate groups in ATP
        
        roles in neural transmission and muscle contraction
        
        inhibits muscle contraction by blocking calcium ion channel
        
        needed for neurotransmitter activity that is regulated by adenylate cyclase (Mg-dependent) enzyme system
        
        inhibits blood clotting
      - Hypertension
        
        acts as a vasodilator to protect against high blood pressure
        
        shown to lower risk of heart disease
      - Bone & Teeth
        
        Needed for vitamin D action and production of parathyroid hormone so has indirect effects on calcium balance
        
        Can also be used to replace calcium in hydroxyapatite (mineral crystal structure in bone)
        
        Bone is a reservoir for Magnesium
        
        Helps hold calcium in teeth thereby preventing dental caries
    - - develops slowly
      - severe symptoms are rarely seen in healthy adults
      - Canadian adults don't have enough Mg
      - causes
        
        heavy perspiration over a certain amount of time
        
        prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, or use of diuretics
        
        renal disease/alcoholism
      - symptoms
        
        irregular heartbeat
        
        weakness, disorientation, irritability
        
        hypertension
        
        tetany if extremely low levels of Mg
    - - green leafy vegetables (e.g. cabbage, spinach)
      - halibut
      - yogurt and milk
      - tofu
      - nuts and seeds
      - legumes
      - bell peppers
  - - - as an component of bone structure
        
        providing a strong structure for the body
        
        act as attachment points for muscles
      - 99% calcium in bones and teeth acts as body's calcium bank
    - - nerve transmission/muscle contraction
      - blood clotting
      - hypertension
    - - children
        
        slowed growth
      - adults
        
        osteoporosis
        
        causes bone fractures
        
        no symptoms
    - - constipation
      - prone to urinary stone formation
      - prone to kidney dysfunction
    - - calcium set tofu
      - canned sardines
      - canned salmon
      - bok choy
      - kale
      - broccoli
      - almonds
      - sesame seeds
      - bread
      - oysters
      - parsley
      - nori
      - spinach
      - mineral water
      - calcium fortified juices
      - milk
      - cheese
      - yogurt
      - fortified plant based milk alternatives
    - - regulated through
        
        Absorption (mostly)
        
        Renal Excretion ( a little)
      - Where is calcium found in the body
        
        Bone
        
        Amount of calcium in bone is directly affected by dietary calcium
        
        Blood
        
        Dietary calcium intake affects blood calcium indirectly
        
        Blood Calcium level does not reflect bone calcium status
        
        Regulated by hormones including
        
        Parathyroid hormone
        
        Calcitonine
        
        Calcitriol (active vitamin D)
        
        Low blood Calcium level
        
        Parathyroid Hormone
        
        Activates Calcitriol (Vitamin D)
        
        Acts on
        
        3 more items...
        
        High blood Calcium level
        
        Calcitonin secreted
        
        decreases action of
        
        osteoclasts
        
        1 more item...
        
        parathyroid hormone decrease
        
        leads to
        
        increase in Calcium in the urine
        
        Calcitriol levels decrease
        
        causes
        
        less Calcium absoption
  - - - hydroxyapatite
        
        protects viral organs
        
        teeth allows us to chew
        
        allows us to stand
    - - maintaining fluid balance
      - part of the buffer system
      - part of RNA and DNA
      - component of phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes
      - participates in energy metabolism
    - - unlikely to happen as it is found in many foods
    - - currently no effects have been found
    - - legumes
      - nuts
      - meat
      - poultry
      - fish
      - milk
      - cheese
      - phosphoric acid in soft drinks
- - - - is called
    - - Rickets
        
        in
        
        children
        
        symptoms are
        
        improper mineralization and shaping of bones
        
        bowed legs when walking
      - Osteomalacia
        
        in
        
        Adults
        
        symptoms are
        
        soft flexible bones
        
        weakness and pain in lower back ang legs
    - - liver
      - egg yolks
      - fatty fish
    - - Regulates blood calcium and bone mineralization
        
        by…
        
        Active form (calcitrol) raises blood calcium
        
        targets…
        
        intestines
        
        increases calcium absorption
        
        bone
        
        causes osteoclasts to release bone clacium into blood
        
        kidneys
        
        decreases excretion of calcium
      - Helps immune function via increaseing immune cell maturity
  - - - can hinder anticoagulant medication
      - symptoms are RBC hemolysis, brain damage, and jaundice
    - - who is at risk
        
        infants
        
        due to sterile gut at birth and low levels in breast milk
        
        adults
        
        due to antibiotic use or fat malabsorption conditions
    - - Brussel sprouts
      - avocado
      - cow’s milk
    - - Aids bone calcium mineralization
        
        Needed to produce calcium-binding hormone osteocalcin
      - Blood clotting
        
        Vitamin k is required for synthesis of 4 clotting proteins
- - - - can reduce dental. caries with moderate (not excessive) intake
      - bone and teeth mineralization
        
        creates a stronger cyrstal by replacing a hydroxyl group in hydroxyapatite crystal
        
        best to be taken before teeth erupt through the gums
        
        during 20th week of pregnancy when baby teeth start to form
        
        Ages 3-4 when permanent teeth start to form
        
        Ages 8-10 when wisdom teeth start to form
        
        adults can take it as a protective topical treatment to help re-mineralize enamel lesions
    - - low levels in water can increase risk of dental carries
      - can cause dental problems that make it hard to chew food properly, limiting intake of a wide variety of food
    - - flurosis
        
        white specks or brown streaks on teeth
        
        permanently discoloured but resistant to decay
        
        causes hardening of skeleton which leads to stiffness and pain in joints making bones more brittle and can even lead to osteoporosis
      - no link to increased cancer risk
      - has been seen in children who use too much toothpaste or are given too many fluoride drops (have to check labels)
    - - seafood and shellfish
      - fish and sardines
      - seaweed
      - tea
      - water can be but not usually bottled water
      - also in non-foods such as mouthwash, toothpaste, and chewing gum
- - - - leads to
        
        calcium deposits in soft tissues and irreperible organ damage