Dentin : beneath enamel, contains microscopic tubules, when dentin loses its protective covering (enamel), the tubules allow heat and cold or acidic or sticky foods to stimulate the nerves and cells inside the tooth, causing sensitivity

Pulp : soft tissue at the center of your teeth containing nerves, blood vessels and connective tissue

Enamel : hard calcified tissue covering the dentin in the crown of tooth, contains no living cells

Gingival tissue : soft tissue that encircles the teeth and covers the alveolar bone, it is made up of connective tissue and stratified squamous epithelium

Cementum : mineralized connective tissue that coats the tooth root and aids in attaching the periodontal ligament fibers to the tooth, histologically is divided into cellular and acellular

Periodontal ligament : made up of strong collagen fibers and cells called fibroblasts, these fibers anchor the tooth to the bone, contains blood vessels and nerves, providing a blood supply to the tooth and allowing for sensation

Alveolar bone : made up of compact bone tissue and has numerous tiny holes in it where blood, lymphatic, and nerve vessels leave the bone tissue and enter the tooth's apical foramen

primarily composed of hydroxyapatite crystals, a crystalline structure made of calcium and phosphate

enamel is extremely hard and mineralized, providing a protective outer coating for the tooth, it lacks living cells and cannot regenerate, making it susceptible to damage from acids and physical wear

serves as a protective barrier, shielding the tooth from external forces and acidic substances

dentin is sensitive to stimuli like temperature changes, pressure, and touch due to the presence of nerve endings, it has a tubular structure that allows for the transmission of sensations

provides structural support to the tooth and transmits nerve signals

contains connective tissues, blood vessels, nerves, and cells (odontoblasts)

pulp is soft and vascular, containing the tooth's nerve and blood supply, it has the ability to respond to external stimuli and can initiate reparative processes

pulp is vital during the tooth's development, providing nourishment and sensory functions, in mature teeth it continues to sense stimuli and can initiate repair responses, the pulp also serves as a reservoir for immune cells to respond to infection or injury

the tissue covering the surface of the tooth root, which connects the alveolar bone with the tooth by the periodontal ligament. Its hardness is similar to bone

function of cementum is tooth support or tooth anchorage together with the principal fibers and alveolar bone

tissue consisting mainly of fibrous tissue that connects the tooth root and the alveolar bone

it prevents force applied to the tooth from being directly imposed on the alveolar bone while chewing food

is composed of 67% inorganic material based on its weight, the inorganic material is composed primarily of calcium and phosphate, the mineral content is mainly found in the form of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals, the remaining alveolar bone is made up of 33% organic material.

the jaw bone supporting the tooth; the tooth is planted into this bone.

composed of a dense, vascular fibrous tissue with a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

plays an important role as a mechanical barrier against bacterial invasion and a part of the innate immune response to infectious inflammation in periodontal tissue