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biology unit 3. - Coggle Diagram
biology unit 3.
Feedback loops
Positive: the input causes an increase in output, which triggers a further increase in input. An example is Childbirth – stretching of uterine walls cause contractions that further stretch the walls (this continues until birthing occurs) Lactation – the child feeding stimulates milk production which causes further feeding
Negative: A negative feedback loop occurs in biology when the product of a reaction leads to a decrease in that reaction.If the temperature is high, the body sweats in order to cool down.
Feedback loops come in two flavors: positive and negative. A negative feedback loop reduces the effect of change and helps maintain balance. A positive feedback loop increases the effect of the change and produces instability.
Carbon cycle
nature's way of reusing carbon atoms, which travel from the atmosphere into organisms in the Earth and then back into the atmosphere over and over again. Carbon dioxide is pulled from the air to make food through photo systhesis which we eat and get into our bodys. Decomposers take the carbon and send it back into the atmosphere. The ocean hold 50 times more carbon than the atmosphere.
Carrying compasity
The average population of a species in a certain habitat. The population is limited by enviormental factors like ammount of food, shelter, water and mates. The population will decrease until these things go back to normal.
anerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration happens in the muscles when hard experience happened. During anaerobic respiration, glucose is not fully broken down and there is a lot less energy produced.
NAD is a molecule that helps produce electrons. NAD has no hydrogen NADH has hydrogen. And electron carry is needed to make cellular respiration work. NAD and NADH is recycled or regenerated.
Pyruvate: a molecule created during glycolysis and because of anaerobic conditions, its converted into other molecules. It provides energy to living cells in the Krebs cycle.
In anaerobic respiration it converted into lactic acid in some bacteria and mammel muscels. Lactic acid breaks down carbs for energy.
Fermentation: creates alcohol as a waste product. cells also use fermentation when oxygen is scarce.
cellular respiration
The reason cellular respiration is a thing is to take energy that is stored in food and covert it into energy that the cells can use.
Cellular respiration occurs in cells and coverts biomolecules(carbs, protein, lipids, nucleutic acids.) that is eaten, into smaller energy aka ATP, that can be used by the cells.
There are two ways the cells can perform cellular respiration, anaerobic which uses no oxygen, and aerobic which uses oxygen. They produce different amounts of energy.
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Aerobic respiration
Glycolsis: it happens in the cytoplasm, it does not use oxygen. You put in glucose, 2 ATP and 2 NAD(NAD performs lots of thing such as DNA repair and lots more random things such as carrys electrons.) and you get out 2 pyrutves, 4 ATP, 2 NADH(generates energy)
Krebs cycle/citric acid cycle: happens in the mitrocondria, needs oxygen, Creates ATP and NADH/FADH2 for Electron transport chain. FADH2 carries electrons.
You put in Acetyl CoA, NADH and oxygen and you get Co2, NADH, FADH2, you gain 2 ATP
Electron transport chain: happens in the mitocondria, uses enzymes to pass electrons. It uses ATP synthase to create the most ATP. uses products from the kreb cycle to produce more ATP. produces 36 ATP
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Anaerobic vs aerobic
Anaerobic: it is performed in the innercell and mainly in the mitochondria. Anaerobic uses oxygen. At the end of the respiration, CO2/ carbon dioxide is produced and water is produced. Energy is also produced with 36 ATP being produced. More ATP is produced because the oxygen can break down glucose all the way down to Co2/carbon dioxide. During this process enough energy is produced up to 36 ATP.
Aerobic: mainly produced in the innercell/cytoplasm. It does not use any O2/Oxygen. It produces C2 H2 OH/ethynol and Co2/carbon dioxide. It produces 2 ATP because it can only break two molecules of pryuvate, which only produces 2 ATP
Glycolsis: glycolsis is when glucose energy is broken down to produce energy. Glucose has energy due to the atoms in it such as six carbon, and other.
photosynthesis
The chloroplast contains both the thylakoid and the stroma. The thylakoid is the structure in the chloroplast that
absorbs the sun’s energy and uses it to create the ATP and NADPH. The stroma is the space in the chloroplast that DOES NOT contain the thylakoid.
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LI inputs: H20, sunlight, ADP, NADP+.
LI outputs. O2. ATP, NADPH
LD inputs. Co2, ATP, NADPH
LD outputs. Glucose, ADP, NADP+
The synthesis part is when the energy released from breaking down ATP is used to get CO2 for something called the carbon reaction. It makes glucose.
The water absorbed is split by the sunlight which releases electrons, this starts a process called light reaction, it makes NADPH for carbon reaction and it releases oxygen into the air, It also makes some ATP.
There are two parts, the photo reactions which is just the light reactions, and the synthesis reactions which also the calvin cycle, the calvin cycle does not need light.
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In photosynthesis, plants convert radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy as glucose(sugar.) in simple terms its water + carbon dioxide + sunlight = oxygen and glucose. In complex terms its H20, + C02 + radiant energy = C6 H12 O6 + O2.
Leaves absorb red and blue wave lengths (wave lengths are made up of energy called photons) and creates the color green.
A chlorophyll catures the energy from the sunlight. When red and blue photons of sunlight hit chlorophyll, the electrons in its atoms become excited. These excited electrons are used to generate an energy-carrying molecule known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used in the “synthesis” part of photosynthesis to make sugar.
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atp
If you want something from the vending machine and you only have 100 dollars, it wont accept that just like cells If money = energy. It stores energy in its phosphate bonds.
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