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Week 4 - Exploring Psych - Revision - Coggle Diagram
Week 4 - Exploring Psych - Revision
Attraction
Similarity
: Liking others who are similar
Similarity does not spark attraction; rather dissimilarity triggers repulsion, the desire to avoid someone who is not ‘similar.’
Rosenbaum (1986)
We like people who have similar attitudes to our own.
Byrne (1971)
How does similarity work?
A common social environment
- we will do things together.
Selectivity bias
- liking people who are similar.
Reciprocal Liking
- We like those who like us.
Familiarity
The people and objects that are
familiar
to us are our favorite. We feel more
safe in what we are familiar with
.
Related to
proximity
because we become more familiar with people that we are exposed to frequently.
Students liking of roommates was determined by how similar they are.
Newcomb (1961)
Interaction will incrase liking, because want. to get along
(Berscheid, Garziaano, Monson, & Dermer, 1967)
When we know we will interact with someone over time
we are likely to focus on the positive qualities, as the alternative is to costly.
Do opposites attract?
Opposites attract initially
- then not so much
The things that bother us are three things we admire at first.
Social Cognition - Social Perception
Physical appearance
- based on research - is more important than personality or any other factor.
Attractive people
are rated as more intelligent, trustworthy, friendly, competent ect.
Halo effect
- associate other positive attributes with them as well because they are attractive.
Baby faced features
- do not get leadership jobs but they have 70% more chances to get a teaching job or a job as a nurse - get a caring job
McArthur & Berry, (1987)
Todorov et al 2005
Asked participants to
rate competence based on an image - appearance
- which person is more confident.
Confidence
is key!
Experiments
Antonakis and Daglas (2009)
First experiment
Asked swiss students to rate politicians in french elections -
72% accuracy predicted the actual winners
and gave a good indication of differences.
Rely on
first impressions
to elect a leader.
Second experiment
Asked
adults and kids to do the same experiment
. Asked who is more competent to be the captain from Troy to Ithaka
Results show that
adults and children are relying on the same aspects of facial appearance
in order to
judge a person's competence
.
Attributions
Types of Attributions
Personal
- I studied really well, I am intelligent - I got a good grade.
Situational
- The test was unreasonably hard - so I got a bad grade.
Fundamental Attribution Error
In explaining other people's behavior, the tendency to
overemphasise personality traits and underestimate situational factors
Actor/observer bias
When interpreting our
own behavior
, we tend to focus on
situations
.
When interpreting
other people's behavior
, we tend to focus on
personal attributes
.
Attribution of Behaviour
Humans are
hyper intentional
- people usually try to interpret others behavior.
Heider and Simmel (1944)
Showed that people, on viewing a simple animation involving geometric shapes, would
attribute emotions and intentions to the shapes based on their movements
.
Jones and Harris (1967)
Asked participants to read essays that were written in a political science class. They asked people to read the essays - and said they are
only reading out essays that we have given them
and asked them to rate how pro-castro they were.
Participants
thought
the ones reading stuff out loud strongly
believed in what they were reading
.
Social Identity Theory
Claims that every person has a distinct unique personality and
personal identity
Different
social roles
- Daughter, classmate, member of a sports club/religion.
We have
many different roles
, based on these roles we take pride from them this
affects our self worth and self esteem
.
We make sense of ourselves and v
iew ourselves based on these social roles
.
If our friends are good to us we feel that we are valued - this impacts the social role and how we identify within the society/community with our immediate environment.
These are important to our self concept and self worth and esteem
.
Limitations
Does not explain why we feel so
comfortable
in a group of people who look like us/are
similar to us
uncomfortable around people who are dissimilar to us.
Does not explain fully why there is so much
aggression between different groups.
Group memberships
are an important part of a persons self concept and how they value themselves (e.g self esteem)
Provide people with a
sense of their place in the world
and where thy stand in relation to others.
Social identities and the dynamics of the crowds
It is
groups and not individuals
who are the main engine of
social conflict and social change
.
Reicher, Haslam, Spears, and Reynolds (2012)
Prejudice, Stereotypes & Discrimination
Prejudice
- negative evaluation of another social group.
Results from
stereotypes
(cognitive representations of another group)
Results in
discrimination
(negative behavior directed towards another group.)
Stereotypes
- cognitive representations, schemas about others, can be negative or positive, accurate or inaccurate, explicit or implicit.
Implicit association test (IAT)
measures people's
implicit (unconscious, inaccessible) associations
between different concepts e.g ‘male’ and ‘maths’.
Greenwald, McGhee. & Schwartz, (1998)
Implicit Stereotypes
Payne (2001)
Participants showed pictures of black or white faces
then had to identify an object as a gun or a tool.
Faster
to identify guns
following a black fac
e.
Groups
Ingroup
: Thee social group to which an individual perceives herself or himself ass belonging (“us”)
Outgroup
: Any group other than the one to which individuals perceive themselves as belonging (“them”)
Social Comparison
Explains how we behave with each other and how we identify ourselves and our sense of self worth.
We constantly divide the social world into categories
- we are constantly comparing ourselves.
Leads to
social categorisation
- identifying people as members of a certain group.
Social Group
- two or more people who share socially meaningful characteristics.
High self worth and self value linked to
lower levels of prejudice discrimination.
Blascovich et al. (1997)
Link between
prejudice and social categorisation
Relevant Studies/Reading
Madziva R (2020)
Bordering through religion: A case study of Christians from the Muslim majority world
seeking asylum in the UK.
Badea and Sherman 2019
- Self-Affirmation and Prejudice Reduction
One exciting implication of the self-affirmation approach in the domain of prejudice reduction is that self-affirmation shows the
potential malleability of prejudice in situations of intergroup conflict
Jiang & Ngien (2020)
- The Effects of Instagram Use, Social Comparison, and Self-Esteem on Social Anxiety
findings
showed that:
Instagram use alone would not directly increase social anxiety.
its effect was completely
mediated by social
comparison and self-esteem
.
Larsen et al (2012)
Attraction and relationships - The Journey from Initial Attachments to Romantic Love.
