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External Factors Impacting Ethnicity and Achievement, white working…

- - - - these critics oppose compensatory education as they see it as an attempt to impose the dominant white culture on children who already have coherent culture of their own. they oppose 2 main alternatives
      - multicultural education - policy that recognises and values minority cultures and includes them in the curriculum
      - anti racist education - policy that challenges the prejudice and discrimination that exists in schools and wider society
  - - - Bereiter and Engelmann consider the language spoken by low income black american families as inadequate for educational success. they see it as ungrammatical and incapable of expressing abstract ideas.
        
        Pryce argues that the difference is the result of the differing impact of colonialism on the two groups. He argues that the experience of slavery was culturally devastating for blacks. Being transported and sold into slavery meant they lost their language, religion and family system. By contrast Asian family structures, language and religion were not destroyed b colonial rule
        
        ken price - Also sees Family structure as contributing to the underachievement of black Caribbean pupils in Britain. From a comparison of black and Asian pupils, he claims that Asians are higher achievers because their culture is more resilient to racism and gives them a greater sense of self-worth whereas black Caribbean culture is less Cohesive and less resilient to racism which is why they have low self-esteem and under achieve
- - - - attitudes and values
        
        cultural deprivation theorists see lack of motivation as a major cause of the failure of many black children. most children are socialised in the mainstream culture , which instils ambition, competitiveness and willingness to make the sacrifices necessary to achieve long term goals. This equips them for success in education.
        
        by contrast cultural deprivation theorists argue, some black children are socialised into a subculture that instils 'live for today' attitude that does not value education and leaves them unequiped for sucess
- - - - Tom Sewell argues that it is not the absence of fathers as a role model that leads to black boys underachieving. instead, Sewell sees the problem as a lack of fatherly nurturing or 'tough love' This results in black boys finding it hard to overcome the emotional and behavioural difficulties of adolescence
      - Many Black boys are the subject to powerful anti-educational peer group pressure, most of the academically successful black boys that Sewell interviewed felt that the greatest barrier to success was pressure from other boys. Speaking in Standard English and doing well at school were often viewed with suspicion by their peers and seen as selling out to the white establishment
      - 'The biggest barrier facing black boys is actually black peer pressure. We need to talk about how black students discourage their peers'
      - Sewell argues that black students do worse than their Asian counterparts because of cultural differences in socialisation and attitudes to education. As he puts its, while one group is being nurtured by MTV, the other is clocking up the educational hours. sewell concludes that black children particularly the boys need to have greater expectations placed on them to raise their aspirations
  - - - material deprivation explanations see educational failure as resulting from factors such as substandard housing and low income. E.G according to Guy Palmer...
        
        almost half of all ethnic minority children live in low income households, as against a quarter of white children.
        
        ethnic minorities are almost twice as likely to be unemployed compared with whites
        
        ethnic minority households are around three times as likely to be homeless
        
        almost half of Bangladeshi and Pakistani workers earned under £7 per hour, compared with only a quarter of white british workers.
    - - many live in economically depressed areas with high unemployment and low wages
      - cultural factors such as tradition of purdah in some muslim households which prevents women from working outside the home.
      - lack of language skills and foreign qualification not being recognised by UK employers. most likely to affect recently arrived grioups e.g refugees
      - asylum workers may not be allowed to take work
      - racial discrimination in the labour market and housing market
  - - - family structure and parental support
        
        cultural deprivation theorists argue that this failure to socialise children adequately is the result of a dysfunctional family structure
        
        cultural deprivation theorists argue that this failure to socialise children adequately is the result of a dysfunctional family structure
        
        Moynihan argues that because many black families are headed by a lone mother, their children are deprived of adequate care as she has to struggle financially in the absence of a male. without a male figure means boy lack a role model of male achievement
        
        Moynihan sees cultural deprivation as a cycle where inadequately socialised children from unstable families go on to fail at school and become inadequate parents themselves
        
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