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The interconnected ecosystem - Coggle Diagram
The interconnected ecosystem
Cellular Respiration
Inputs and Outputs
Glycolysis: Glucose, 2 ATP 2 NAD gained from ETC (Inputs) and 2 Pyruvate, NADH, 4 ATP (Outputs) (Glycolysis has net gain of 2 ATP, as 2 of the 4 made is used to start the process again).
General: Glucose and O2 (Inputs) and CO2, 36 ATP, H2O (Outputs
Link Step: 2 pyruvate (Input) and CO2 and Acetyl CoA (Outputs)
Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle: Acetyl CoA, NADH, O2 (Inputs) and CO2 NADH and FADH2
Electron Transport Chain: NADH, FADH2, O2 (Inputs) and 36 ATP, H2O (Output)
Stages
Krebs Cycle (occurs in mitochondrial matrix along with ETC)
Electron Transport Chain
Link Step (Pyruvate becomes Acetyl CoA
ATP Synthase
Glycolysis (occurs in cytoplasm)
How it works
Glycolysis: When glucose enters the cell, 2 ADP is converted into 2 ATP and the enrgy from this process helps drive the process that breaks down glucose into 2 Pyruvate. 2 NAD becomes 2 NADH during glycolysis.
Krebs Cycle: After the 2 Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA and the release of CO2 in doing so, the Krebs Cycle begins. It uses the Acetyl CoA in order to create NADH and FADH2.
ETC: The NADH and FADH2 transfer their electrons and become NAD+ and FAD. These electrons pass through a series of enzymes, and at the end, bind with O2, which binds with an H+ ion and becomes H2O that diffuses out of the cell. The H+ ions move from the matrix of the mitochondria into the intermembrane space and back into the matrix eventually through the enzyme ATP synthase. Doing so rotates it, making it produce ATP.
Types
Anaerobic Respiration (Glycolysis) - turns glucose into 2 Pyruvate which is either converted into ethanol + CO2 (i.e. in yeast) or lactic acid (i.e. in muscles when exercising); this process is fermentation
Aerobic Respiration (Krebs Cycle and ETC) - cell respiration that requires oxygen
Photosynthesis
Stages
Light Dependent (Photo) Reactions
Light Independent (Synthesis) Reactions (AKA Calvin Cycle)
Inputs and Outputs
Light Dependent Reactions: H2O, NADP, Light Energy, ADP (Inputs) and NADPH, ATP, O2 (Outputs)
General: 6CO2 + 6H2O (with help of light energy) = C6H12O6 + 6O2
Light Independent Reactions: ATP, NADPH (Inputs) and ADP, NADP+, G3P, (Outputs)
How it works
Light Independent Reactions occur in the stroma (liquid part) of the chloroplasts. CO2 is taken from the air and the enzyme RuBisCO helps combine the CO2 with a five carbon sugar molecule. This becomes a six carbon sugar molecule immediately broken down into 3-PGA. With the energy from the electrons from NADPH and ATP from the LD reactions, the 3-PGA becomes G3P. The ADP and NADP+ are transferred back into the LD reactions to be recharged.
Light Dependent Reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast (organelle where photosynthesis occurs in). In the ETC, PS II absorbs the light (blue and red) energy from the sun, and uses it to excite the electrons in the chlorophyll to a higher energy level. Water is also split by PS II and O2 is released as a byproduct. H+ ions are formed as well The excited electrons pass through the ETC, helping the majority of the H+ ions move into the stroma and back into the thylakoid lumen and rotate the ATP Synthase to create ATP. Photosystem I receives the electrons at the end of the ETC and recharges them with more light energy. It transfers these electrons to NADP+ (recycled from Calvin Cycle) and converts it into the electron carrier NADPH.
Food Chains
Trophic Levels
Producers (plants, photosynthesizing organisms)
Primary Consumers (eat the producers)
Secondary Consumers (eat primary consumers)
Tertiary Consumers (eat secondary consumers)
Workings
10% Rule - Energy gained from the producers decreases by 10% as you go up each trophic level of the food chain.
Biomagnification- If industrial waste or chemical byproducts of human activity get into an ecosystem. These substances are consumed by organisms, and the concentration of the substance in the organisms of the ecosystem increases as you go higher up the food chain.
Food Webs = interconnected food chains
Ecological Pyramids
Pyramid of Numbers: shows number of organisms in each trophic level
Pyramid of Biomass: shows the relative biomass per trophic level.
Pyramid of Energy: Shows the amount of energy gained from the producers at each trophic level
Limiting Factors
Density-dependent limiting factors: limiting factors (any factor that prevents population growth of an organism) that affect the growth rate depending on the current population density. (Predation)
Density-independent limiting factors: factors that affect the growth rate of a population regardless of the density. (Natural Disasters)
Feedback Loops
Types
Positive feedback loops amplify the effect of a change in a system and creates instability,
Negative feedback loops reduce the effects of a change to bring a system that has undergone abnormal change back to its normal state.
Real-Life Examples
Pregnancy (body keeps pushing the baby outward despite strain on uterus) = positive feedback loop
Ecosystem almost collapsing due to severe shortage of producers but recovering due to decrease in primary consumer population = negative feedback loop.
Human body maintaining homeostasis = negative feedback loop.