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Youth subcultures - Coggle Diagram
Youth subcultures
Hybridity + ethnicity
Bennett
- Fusion of Asian folk music with other cultures illustrates hybridised youth culture
Kahane
- Contemporary youth cultures are a genuine attempt at constructing new and original subcultures from choice of language, music based on freedom and eclecticism
Petrides
Subcultures constantly updated with what's in / out, which undermines the relevance of committed identity
Social media empowers/inspires youth to form online tribes around social and political issues
St John
- Refers to Petrides ideas as 'post rave techno tribes'
Postmodernists
- Hybridity and style have influenced the evolution of subcultures
Hutnyk
- Power differentials at work, within which Western subcultures may strip the meaning from symbols and use them in a superficial way
Hebdige
- Clear relationship between black styles of dress, music, dance and urban youth
- Influence on fashion, music and 1940s beliefs
Nayak
- White wannabes
- Young white working-class males who adopt the style and language of 'Black culture'
- May listen to music such as hip hop/ gangsta rap
- Wear lots of bling and dress in a similar style to the stereotypical 'white wannabe'
e.g. Ali G
Vale + Juno
- Focused on neo-tribes in US/ W Europe
- Focus on individuality and expression characterised by body modifications (tattoos and piercings)
- Symbolism is drawn from non-Western ethnic groups, colloquially referred to as 'primitive' and taking inspiration from many cultures
- Body modification undertaken is a reaction to a sense of powerlessness to survive and gain control of a fast-changing world
Sivanandan
- Counterculture
- There is a clear link between ethnicity and youth
Rastafarian
- Gave political expressions to African Caribbean migrants
- Saw white capitalism as a problem which needed to be resisted and reversed
- Form of resistance to racism
- Bob Marley influences + Ethiopian colours (red, gold, green)
Gender
Public sphere: streets, shopping centre, youth club
Private sphere: home, bedroom
- Boys dominate public sphere
- Girls marginalised to private sphere, to avoid resistance
Mainstream culture is looked down on by those with more subcultural capital
- When a style moves to being mainstream it becomes feminised
- Highlights how females are characterised as less important
Reddington
- Focused on punks in the 70s
Females did have a key role in subcultures
e.g. Vivienne Westwood, bands, journalists e.g. Julie Birchill
Invisible girls
- Wanted to address marginality between girls in subcultures
- Females related differently towards subcultures
- Girls more active in consumerism
Thornton
Youth subcultures are dominated by males from the 50s onwards due to:
- Girls having less disposable income to express style
- Girls marrying earlier and earning less
- 'Teenage market' dominated by males
- Girls focused on education, boys, fashion
McRobbie + Garber
- Bedroom culture (70's)
- Lincon, boyfriends sometimes allowed in bedroom
- This combined with internet/tv meant more influences beyond friendships
- Media, globalisation, digitalisation, there is less time to 'hang out'
- Main purpose to acknowledge teen girls could have their own subculture/behaviour
It was assumed that girls had to conform to gender stereotypes and primary role of mothers, negative sanctions were applied to them if they tried to breach this socially accepted idea
Girls couldn't risk their reputation, so, they were labelled as 'nice/respectable'
The behaviour for girls in society was more so controlled by parents and teachers, limiting freedom and self-expression
The conformity of girls staying in the home reinforced patriarchal ideology- males were more superior and dominated public spheres
Harris
- 'Gurls' - Suggests girls have developed new forms of political expressions in new spaces
- e.g. 'gurl' websites, alternative music spheres
- demonstrate spcial change
- but they occur in marginal, virtual or underground places
Pomerantz
- Skater girls/ park gang
- Had to challenge skater boys who dominated the park
- Resisted 'emphasis femininity' / traditional gender roles
- Form of cultural resistance
- Mixed race subculture
- Influences: Avril Lavigne
Deviance
Cohen
- Status frustration
- Used to explain why working class males offended
- Faced with educational, financial gaps
- This = status for them
- A delinquent subculture with values such as being good in a fight could form a way to deal with status frustration -> status among peers
Decker and Van Winkle
- Social deprivation: pushes and pulls
Pushes
- Social, economic, cultural disadvantages
- Feelings of exclusion may push youth from tje underclass towards the status identity gangs provide
- Offers sense of safety and security
Pulls
- The attractiveness of the gang
- Membership offers status, excitement, money
Lea and Young
- Left realism/ Marxism
Relative deprivation: people feel more deprived when they compare themselves to others
-> youth have less freedom, influenced by media
Marginalisation: people excluded/punished to edge of society
Subculture: causes young people to form to express rebellion/ resistance of n+v's
Young
- Transgression
- Developed ideas from functionalists and subcultural theories in response to NR views
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Many are excluded from achieving these things and feel excluded, resentful and humiliated
Deviance is an emotional response to social exclusion = risk taking which is fueled by desire for inclusion and anger
Merton: Strain theory
- Believed the pressure meant people would act with normlessness to cope
- Exaggerated working class crimes and ignores 'white collar crimes' committed by the wealthy
- People commit crimes that cant be explained by strain to anomie e.g. terrorism
Conformity- members of society conform to the norms of the rest of society to try and achieve success through the normal means (education/hard work)
Innovation- people who feel that they cannot possibly achieve through the normal route try new ways of making money (drugs/crime)
Ritualism- people who feel they can't achieve because they have lower opportunities and job prospects hence why they can't turn to innovation- rejecting society's n+v's
Retreatism- people who cannot earn success and feel there is no way to do so might retreat from society or 'drop out' resign 2 failure and crime
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Murray
- New Right
Inappropriate socialisation =
- Deviant norms, dependency, criminality and laziness
- Welfare as a lifestyle choice
- Girls emotionally damaged
- Boys poor impulse control
- Reliant on benefits
Cloward and Ohlin
- Claim some have 'blocked opportunities' to attain valued goals
Criminal- hierarchy from/of opportunity
Conflict- unstable areas with high mobility
- Gangs formed to defend territory, no hierarchy
Retreatism- fail to achieve legitimate or illegitimate means
- Retreat from societys values
Evaluation- society may not have value consensus, peer groups have different norms and values
- Miller, working class have different focal concerns (toughness, freedom)
Gangs
Archer and Yamashita
- Found boys in inner-city London were attached to a bad boy image related to 'hyper-heterosexuality'
- Saw reading and academic achievement as 'soft'
- Had limited aspirations
- Recognised you had to be tough to stay in their local area, their subculture or gang was their 'backup'
Young
- Developed ideas from functionalists and subcultural theories in response to new right views
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Many are excluded from achieving these things and feel excluded, resentful and humiliated
Deviance is an emotional response to social exclusion = risk taking which is fuelled by desire for inclusion and anger
Messerschmidt
- Argues that the gang acts as a location for 'doing masculinity' which must be accomplished and proved
Harding
- Gangs as social arena of competition
- A game of high stakes
- Member struggle for status, position & survival
- Only game they know how to play
- Success is determined by ‘street capital’
- From Bourdieu’s ideas of cultural and social capital
- Like accumulating lots of chips in a casino
Muncie
- Small rises in recorded crime created a moral panic about female offending and 'girl gangs' suggesting that the rise in the imprisonment of young women has been an over-reaction
Miller
- Says that working class boys do not even try to gain academic success-that is a middle class value
- Working class values are simply different
- 'focal concerns'
- Young working class boys share focal concerns such as being in trouble, being tough and macho and being 'streetwise'- they will value freedom and excitement
Media
Cohen
- Day of terror
- Notes clear distinction was made between groups in the media 1964
- Widely reported nationally
- Reported as a day of terror
Criminalisation
- The moral panic on the mods and rockers began to spiral out of control as public fear increased
- The police felt under more pressure to act
- A crackdown on both groups took place in which both were ‘criminalised’ by society which only led to further marginalisation
Moral panics
- Identify a group as a threat to societal values; known as ‘folk devils’
- Give folk devils increased exposure and exaggerate their level of deviance.
Encourage moral entrepreneurs from all areas of society to openly condemn their behaviour in the media such as politicians, police officers, judges and celebrities, all for their own benefit
Mods and rockers
- Focussed on the conflict between the ‘mods’ and ‘rockers’ in the 1960’s as an example of how influential a moral panic can be on the public’s perception of crime
- Initially, the mods and rockers were two groups of young people that co-existed within the 1960’s
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Distorting crime
- Overrepresents violent/sexual crime
- Exaggerates police success
- Media offers a distorted interpretation = news worthy
Cohen and Young
- News is manufactured and therefore isn't a reliable source, this is because it is tailored to what the reader wants to see
- They claim news is a social construct, as journalists will carefully select news stories based off the news values criteria:
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Dramatisation: exciting, violent and potentially dangerous
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