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Ch. 36 Ventilation - Coggle Diagram
Ch. 36 Ventilation
Ventilation
Ventilation = movement of air through the conducting passages between the atmosphere and the lungs. The air moves through the passages because of pressure gradients that are produced by contraction of the diaphragm and thoracic muscles.
Pulmonary Ventilation- Commonly referred to as breathing. Process of: Air to lungs during inspiration, Air out of lungs during expiration. Air flows because of pressure differences between the atmosphere and the gases inside the lungs. Pulmonary ventilation involves three different pressures: Atmospheric pressure, Intraalveolar (intrapulmonary) pressure, Intrapleural pressure. Between inspiration and expiration, the air in the lungs must be at atmospheric pressure.
Boyle’s Law- Boyle’s law states that the volume of gas is inversely proportional to pressure when temperature is constant. Therefore: When the volume of the thoracic cavity increases: the volume of the lungs increases and the pressure within the lungs decreases. When the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases: the volume of the lungs decreases and the pressure within the lungs increases.
Charles’s Law- Gasses expand as their temperature increases. A gas’s volume at its initial temperature will increase as its temperature increase. A gas will reduce in volume if its temperature is reduced. As air is warmed in the conducting division of the respiratory system, it will increase in volume.
Alveolar Ventilation- Alveolar Ventilation: Air reaches alveoli. Air that takes part in gas exchange.
Dead Air- Does not reach alveoli
Anatomical Dead Space- Space “dead air” occupies
Inspiration & Expiration
Process of Inspiration- Air enters the Lung. Initiated by contraction of the inspiratory muscles: Diaphragm: flattens, extending the superior/inferior dimension of the thoracic cavity. External intercostal muscles – elevates the ribs and sternum, extending the anterior/posterior dimension of the thoracic cavity.
Process of Passive Expiration- Air is expelled from the lungs. It is initiated by relaxation of the inspiratory. Diaphragm: relaxes to return to its resting position, reducing the superior/inferior dimension of the thoracic cavity. External intercostal muscles: relax to depress the ribs and sternum, reducing the anterior/posterior dimension of the thoracic cavity.
Forced Expiration- Abdominal muscles: increase the intra-abdominal pressure, pushing the diaphragm further upwards into the thoracic cavity. Internal intercostals: depress the ribs.
Volumes and Capacities
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities- Average adult takes 12 to 15 breaths a minute. Complete respiratory cycle: I inspiration and 1 expiration. Spirometer. Spirometry. Respiratory Capacity, AKA Pulmonary Capacity, The sum of two or more volumes.
Lung Volumes- Tidal Volume (TV)-the amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled during one respiratory cycle.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)-the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal tidal volume.
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)- volume of air that can be exhaled forcibly after exhalation of normal tidal volume.
Residual Volume (RV)- volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation.
Lung Capacities- Inspiratory capacity (IC)-maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following a resting state, IC = IRV+TV. Total Lung Capacity (TLC)-is the maximum volume of air the lungs can accommodate or sum of all volume compartments or volume of air in lungs after maximum inspiration, TLC=TV+IRV+ERV+RV. Vital Capacity (VC)-represents the largest volume of air a person can move into and out of the lungs, VC = TV+IRV+ERV. Function Residual Capacity (FRC)- amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration, FRC = RV+ERV.
Respiration Control
Involuntary Respiration: Medulla; Ventral Respiratory Group - Expiratory, Dorsal Respiratory Group - Inspiratory. Voluntary Respiration: Cerebral Cortex
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Breathing problems
Apnea- No breathing. Orthopnea- Shortness of breath. Dyspnea- Difficult breathing. Hyperventilation- Too much breathing. Tachypnea- fast breathing. Bradypnea- Slow breathing. Cheyne - Stokes breathing
Pulmonary Patients
Functional Capacity. ADLs. Interventions Include: Breathing retraining and techniques, Patient awareness and education, Activity modifications, Compensatory techniques, ADL and self-care training, Stress management, Energy conservation techniques.