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Week 3 - Exploring Psych - Revision - Coggle Diagram
Week 3 - Exploring Psych - Revision
Social Psychology
"The scientific study of the effects of social and cognitive processes on the way individuals perceive, influence, and relate to others." - Smith 2007
Social Influence
- How we influence other people's behaviour and attitudes - attitude change, persuasion, conformity, obedience.
Social Relations
- Inter-group conflict, interpersonal attraction, aggression, and co-operation.
Social Perception
- How we see other people - predjudice, discrimination, stereotypes.
Tinbergen (1963
) - 4 explanations for behaviour
Historical/ Phylogenetic Explinations
- E.g We learn behaviours by
comparing specific traits or behaviours from one species from another one
- animal to people's behaviours. We are able to see the history of one trait. Language is a skill that we are born with to be able to communicate and learn a language very quickly. If we can communicate better - better chances for survival for ancestors.
Developmental/Ontogenetic Explinations
- What are the
cognitive processes that we go through in order to reach a decision
and what sport of influences from the environment will we see in order to make a specific decision.
Ultimate/Evolutionary Explinations
- E.g we want to see why certain males are attracted to certain females - what happens in male attraction - what sorts of traits are important that determine our behaviours when we choose a partner.
Proximate Explinations
-
E.g refer to the in
dividual how the specific individual develops.
E.g a butterfly goes in its development and it changes and then develops and changes.
The different phases a human infant goes through before they develop, can’t hold heads very well but at 6 months they can make noises and focus on one movement ect.
Provide explanations for organisms and the individual organisms development.
Answers to how this organism develops.
History of Social psychology
WW2
- research on obedience to authority, predjudice, cooperation & aggression.
Milgram (1963)
- Participants administered electric sshocks to other "participants."
Earliest Social Psychology Experiments
Norman Triplet
(1898)
The presence of others enhanced performance -
Social Faciliation
Max Ringlemann (1880s
)
Rope pulling experiment
social loafing
- trying less because of the team effort.
Historical Developments
1990s/200s -
Cultural Psychology
: recognition of cross-culturl differences in social psychological phenomena, e.g the self, attribution
1990s/200s -
Evolutionary Psychology
: Evolutionary basis of social behaviour, e-g reciprocaal altruism, cultural group selection.
1970s -
Social Cognition:
integration of social and cognitive psychology, e.g self schema.
Problems with Social Psycholog
y
Lack of
ultimate explanations for proximate social psychological phenomena.
Use of Deception
Focus on
western
participants
Ethical Problems
Attitudes
A positive or negative evaluative reaction towards a stimulus such as a person, action, object, or concept.
Attitudes can be
:
Cognitive Attitudes
- the instrumental consequences of a behaviour
Affective Attitudes
- The emotional consequences of a behaviour
Measured Explicity
- using self-report instruments such as questionnaires.
Measured Implicitly
- Implicitly using reaction-time based indirect measures.
Theory of Planned Behaviour
- our intention to engage in a behaviour is strongest when
When subjective norm (our perception f what other people think we should do) support our attitudes.
When we believe that the behaviour is under out control.
We have a positive attitude towards that behaviour
Behaviour influences our attitudes.
Cognitive Dissonance
- Festinger 1957 - people strive for consistency in their cognitions.
Cognitive dissonance is created when two or more cognitions contradict one another.
People are motivated to reduce disssonance.
Changing one of their cognitions
Adding new cognitions
Dissonance theory explains attitude change when counter attitudinal behaviour threatens self-worth or is highly inconsistent.
Counter attitudinal behaviour
: behaviour that is inconsistent with ones attitude.
Produces
dissonance
only if we perceive that our actions were
freely chosen
.
Especially likely to produce dissonance if:
Behaviours produce foreseeable
negative consequences
.
Behaviours threaten our sense of
self worth
.
Self Perception Theory
We make inferences. about our own attitudes by observing how we behave.
Attitude
is not produced by cognitive dissonance.
People experience heightened
physiological tension
when engaging in
counter attitudinal behaviour
.
Self perception theory explains attitude change in situations that are less likely to create significant arousal.
Social Relations: Love Attraction and Interpersonal Relationships
Perspectives on Attraction
All humans exhibit patterns of attraction and mate selection that
favour the
conception, birth, and
survival of their offspring
.
Evolutionary
Perspective.
We are attracted to others with whom a relationship is
directly or indirectly rewarding
.
Sociocultural and Evolutionary Views
Sex differences
in desirable mate qualities.
Men
: greater emphasis on attractiveness and domestic skills.
Able to provide time, energy, and other resources to the family.
Women
: greater emphasis on earning potential, status, and ambitiousness.
Youth and attractiveness perceived as a sign of a
woman's fertility
May reflect
inherited predispositions
shaped by
natural selection
Sexual Strategies Theory
: Ancestral men who were predisposed to have sex with more partners increased their likelihood of fathering more children.
cultural differences
in desirable mate qualities.
Antecedents of Attraction
Mere Exposure Effect
Borstein (1989), Moreland & Beach (1992)
Familiarity from repeated exposure brings rewards.
Milgram (1970s)
Mere exposure effect as a form of classical conditioning.
Zajong (2001)
I see you a lot...so I like you!
:smiley:
Proximity and anticipating the cost of negative relationships
Interaction will increase liking, because we want to get along
(Berscheid, Graziano, Monson & Dermer, 1976)
When we know we will
interact with someone over time
we are likely to focus on the positives as the alternative is too costly.
1.
Propinquity
(we like those living near us)
Festinger, Schater & Back (1950)
Sociometric study in a housing complex among married students at MIT.
Similarity
Similarit
y: rubbing our back
Burgess & Wallin (1953) Buss (1984) Newcomb(1961)
Student liking of roommates was determined by how similar they are.
We tend to associate with others whoa are similar to ourselves
Byrne (1971)
We like people who we perceive as having similar attitudes to our own.
Rosenbaum (1986)
Similarity does not spark attraction; rather dissimilarity riggers repulsion, the desire to avoid someone who is not ‘similar.’
