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Section A: The Challenge of Natural Hazards https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tafb…

- - - - The Global distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes.
        Click on the link below and use the map resources to describe and explain the global distribution: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/35f29d9cc77b458da86e944f8576b9aa
      - Plate margins
        Destructive: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1I1GjyT-KGOsr0KfIE2FGKjFt3QvAlr4n/view?usp=sharing
        Constructive:
        https://drive.google.com/file/d/1WTSTX4yhk06Z9gdOuPjGB_57QwPAt0ce/view?usp=sharing
        https://timeforgeography.co.uk/videos-list/plate-tectonics/divergent-constructive-plate-margins/
        https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gmD3JyvHx1pEQZQn7HI7pibIzzXHEcPB/view?usp=sharing
        Iceland
        https://drive.google.com/file/d/1yqP6vG6udCIqqIVvHR4EvZE1pwYKsw5q/view?usp=sharing
        Conservative
        https://images.slideplayer.com/18/6089078/slides/slide_15.jpg
        
        Hot Spots (Hawaii)
        https://drive.google.com/file/d/1k_Vdi2ZbpYfe8IzwUioLTMjxixBEjOTa/view?usp=sharing
        
        The effects of, and responses to, a tectonic hazard vary between areas of contrasting levels of wealth.
        
        Primary and secondary effects of a tectonic hazard.
        https://files.schudio.com/balshaws/files/Tectonic_Hazards_-_geography_revision.pdf
        
        Management can reduce the effects of a tectonic hazard.
        https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2017/3024/fs20173024.pdf
        
        The level of economic development of a country will affect how severe the impacts are and how well the people respond. For example, the 2010 earthquake in Chile, a high-income country) measured 8.8 on the Richter Scale and killed 500 people. 12 000 were injured and 800 000 affected overall, the damage was estimated at US$30billion. However, the 2015 earthquake in low-income Nepal was actually weaker, at 7.7 on the Richter Scale, and yet the death toll was much greater at 9 000, with 20 000 injured and 8 million affected. Here in Nepal, the damage was more severe and yet the cost is estimated at a much lower US$5billion. The buildings and infrastructure damaged in Nepal cost less to replace than those in Chile, even though the human cost was much greater.
        
        How are earthquakes measured?
        https://www.jkgeography.com/measuring-earthquakes.html
- - - - Case Study of a Tropical Storm Event
        Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) 2013
        https://www.rms.com/blog/2018/11/08/five-years-on-how-haiyan-shocked-the-world
        https://www.dec.org.uk/article/philippines-typhoon-facts-and-figures
        How would a category 5 Hurricane or tropical storm be classed on the Saffir Simpson Scale?
        What were the primary effects of this storm?
        What were the secondary effects of the storm
        What were the short-term responses to this storm?
        What were the long term responses to this storm event?
        
        The immediate responses to the tropical storm Typhoon Haiyan, which struck the Philippines in November 2013, included a televised warning for people to prepare and evacuate. The government also evacuated people to the Tacloban indoor stadium, which had been built to withstand typhoon winds. Emergency aid supplies were distributed quickly after the disaster These immediate responses helped some people to move out of the most dangerous areas to somewhere safer, however, the evacuation was not completely effective because the storm was larger than the whole country and therefore nowhere was completely safe. Furthermore, the Tacloban indoor stadium flooded from below due to the storm surge. The distribution of emergency supplies was effective and within two weeks, over 1 million food packs and 250 000 litres of drinking water had been given out, this would have helped the survivors to avoid contamination and possible disease from dirty water.
        
        The long term responses included the Philippine government ‘Build Back Better’ programme. 90% of the city of Tacloban was destroyed, and around 50% of all homes in the country. The BBB scheme meant that the buildings were not just rebuilt as they had been, but that they were rebuilt to be stronger and more resistant to future tropical storms. This is a very effective response because it helped many people and helped them not only to rebuild their homes in the aftermath of the cyclone but also to minimise the number of homes destroyed in the future tropical storm events. This is important because the Philippines will definitely experience more tropical storms in the future.
        https://www.redr.org.uk/Our-Work/Previous-Projects/Philippines-(2014)
        
        Another very effective long term response was to replant mangrove trees along the coastline, these trees act like a buffer between land and sea and can take some of the energy out of a tropical storm before it hits urban areas. More cyclone shelters were also built, this has helped people as there are now more shelters for people to evacuate to when they know a storm is approaching, and they are effective because they will save lives in the future.
        
        In summary, the long and short term responses are both effective because the long term ones have helped the people to recover from the last disaster at the time as preparing for the next disaster, and the immediate response of warning people to evacuate was also very effective because it would have helped to save many lives. However, overall Geography Cat believes the long term responses will have a greater impact and therefore are more effective.
        https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/ten-years-after-haiyan-building-back-better-philippines
        
        The primary impacts of a tropical storm are more damaging than the secondary impacts.
        
        For example, the most devastating primary impact of Typhoon Haiyan, which hit the Philippines in 2013, was the death of 6 300 people. This is a large number of people and means that many others lost their children, parents, or other family members. Losses like these cannot ever be repaired. Another serious primary impact was that over 600 000 people were displaced, many for a long time after the storm had passed. 40 000 homes were destroyed or damaged, along with people’s possessions and the means of making a living. The high winds also damaged infrastructure such as power lines and water pipes, leading to power outages and contaminated water spreading disease. 90% of the entire city of Tacloban was destroyed. This scale of destruction took years and millions of dollars to repair. Crops were also destroyed by the storm surge, the high winds, and the heavy rainfall.
        
        The secondary impacts are also devastating for the people of the Philippines. The scale of the storm is shown by a total of 14 million people who were affected, this includes the bereaved, the injured, the sick, the displaced and the traumatised. 6 million jobs were lost, creating a long-lasting economic impact as individuals have lost their income and the government will receive less in terms of taxes, at exactly the same time as it needs to spend more on infrastructure and rebuilding. Another problematic secondary impact was the landslides that were caused by heavy rainfall. The landslides blocked roads and made access to affected areas very difficult, therefore aid was delayed to some of the worst affected parts. It took weeks and even months to repair these blocked roads. Disease broke out as a consequence of the damaged water system, power shortages, and damaged homes. Looting and violence occurred in Tacloban which heaped yet more misery on the victims of the storm. Food shortages occurred in the months following the storm because of the loss of the crops destroyed by the storm surge. This would have meant that food prices increased and would have hit the poor at this especially vulnerable time.
        
        Overall the secondary impacts seem just as bad as the primary impacts (except for the loss of life), however, the secondary impacts would not have occurred if the primary impacts had not occurred. In conclusion, it could be argued that the primary impacts are more damaging because they cause their own damage and they trigger further damage from secondary impacts.
- - - - Tri-cellular Model
        
        https://earth.nullschool.net/#current/wind/surface/level/orthographic=0.53,22.37,338
        Using the resource here - take a screen shot and label onto your diagram the main global surface winds of the Northern Hemisphere. You must include:
        The North East Trade Winds
        The South Westerlies
        Polar Easterlies
        
        https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/3ed6db50413a4c5bbf2509bab5f1bac2
        
        https://serc.carleton.edu/eslabs/weather/3a.html
- - - - An example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK to illustrate:
        Causes
        social, economic and environmental impacts
        how management strategies can reduce risk.
        .
        
        Evidence that weather is becoming more extreme in the U.K.
        New research shows increasing frequency of extreme rain in the U.K.
        https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2023/new-research-shows-increasing-frequency-of-extreme-rainfall-events
        
        The Beast from the East 2018
        https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/01/beast-from-east-storm-emma-uk-worst-weather-years
        https://geogramblings.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/windy.gif
        https://www.metlink.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Beast-from-the-East-1.pptx
        https://blog.alvexo.com/featured/beast-east-storm-came-1-billion-daily-price-tag