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Biology Sem 2 Exam - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Greatest collector of biodiversity through Amazon and Malay Archipelago
      - Discovered over 5000 species
      - Devised his own theory of evolution at the same time as Darwin
    - - Naturalist onboard James Cook's expedition on HMS Endeavour
      - Identified 110 genera and 1300 species of plants in east Australia.
    - - developed Theory of Evolution
      - Australia 1836 (HMS Beagle) speculated how such different animals could arise to fill similar roles in different parts of the world.
      - Platypus caused struggle in explanation on theory of evolution
    - - GOD of WA botany
      - Naturalist (HMS investigator captained by Matthew Flinders)
      - Arrived in Albany (1801) + remained in WA for 3.5 years
      - Named + described 1200 endemic WA plants and nearly 50 major WA genera.
  - - - Ecosystem diversity
        
        range of ecosystems in biosphere
      - Species diversity
        
        range of species in an ecosystem
      - Genetic diversity
        
        range of genetic characteristics in species.
  - - - distance from equator
      - size/depth of a habitat
      - Distance from water
      - geographical location
    - - time
      - Geological time
      - Pre- and post-industrial eras
      - Seasons
  - - - Give an indication of the health of an ecosystem
      - Measure over time to identify changes
    - - Number of different species in a given environment
      - Simply a count of how many species are present and doesn't take into account actual numbers of organisms (abundance) / where they are found in environment.
      - Sessile organism = no movement e.g. plants + fungi
      - motile species = move around e.g. animals + identifying microscopic species.
      - count of how many species are present
      - doesn't take account actual numbers of organisms / where they are found in environment
      - easy for sessile organisms, hard for motile + microscopic species
    - - numbers of organism of a given species in a location at a given time
      - Distribution patterns:
        
        Random
        
        organisms = spaced irregularly + positions of one individual doesn't affect position of others. Common in plant populations
        
        Clumping
        
        Individuals = grouped together + make up whole population.
        
        Pattern due to social behaviour / favourable biotic / abiotic factors in small patches of habitat
        
        Uniform
        
        organisms = evenly spaced + positioning is influenced by how close / far away other individuals are. Common in high-density populations, particularly in temporary breeding territories.
    - - percentage of an area that is covered by a particular sessile organism, usually a plant.
      - Quadrats are used. (Square meter. Quadrate divided into 10cm divisions forming a grid to help with estimation of % cover)
      - Quadrat is placed on sample area, then the areas covered by a specific plant are noted + an estimation of percentage cover is made.
      - Challenges:
        
        plants spread out and cover a large area
        
        upright trees
        
        large number of plants may only take up a small percentage of the area
      - Percentage frequency
        
        number of times a species is present in given number of quadrats of a particular size or at a given number of sample points.
        
        frequency = % or Frequency index
    - - SDI = 1 - ( n(n-1)/N(N-1))
      - N = total number of organisms of all species
      - n = number of organisms of one species
      - measure of diversity which takes into account the number of species present, as well as the relative abundance of each species.
      - 1 = infinite diversity, 0 = no diversity
  - - - result of individuals of two different species interbreeding
      - generally infertile + some reproduce and quite succesful
      - generally:
        
        don't survive well outside restricted hybrid zone
        
        don't displace either parent species
        
        important in ecosystem
    - - commonly applied when analysing fossils
        
        used in identifying hominid species skulls
      - issues when deciding which features are sufficiently different enough to justify a new species.
    - - species = smallest group of organism who all can be trace their origins back to a common ancestor
      - important in modern classification systems
      - genetic technqiues to produce phylogenetic trees
    - - all same concept
        
        species share gene pool that others cant access
        
        isolation of a population in a species can lead to new species over time
  - - - SHE: international agreements about biodiversity encourage international cooperation in protection of unique locations e.g. World Heritage Sites (Shark Bay/ GBR), biodiversity hotspots (South-West WA) and international migration routes (birds, whales, turtles, whale sharks)
  - - - contain superlative natural phenomena / areas of exceptional natural beauty + aesthetic importance
      - outstanding examples representing major stages of earth's history e.g. artwork
      - examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in evolution + development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal _ marine ecosystems and communities of plant and animals
      - contain most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity e.g. threatened species
  - - - 1,500 vascular plants as endemics (irreplaceabe)
      - have 30% or less of its original natural vegetation (AKA threatened)
    - - endemic 1500 = swamp turtle
        
        land-clearing, salinity, feral animals and weed.
- - - - Idea that animals are sentient, feeling beings has been accepted globally as a principle in research = required to treated ethically.
      - 3 R's
        
        Replacement
        
        Use of alternatives to animal testing
        
        e.g. testing effects of treatment on tissue culture
        
        Reduction
        
        Minimising of the number of animals being tested and the time that they are used for research.
        
        Refinement
        
        Streamlining research procedures, so only minimal animal testing is required.
    - - Recommendations + not legal requirements
        
        Countries developed legal Acts to enforce ethical treatments of animals.
    - - Animal Research Act 1985
        
        key in protecting the welfare of animals used in connection with research, with all companies wishing to use animals for recognised research to be first authorised.
    - - WA:
        
        Animal Welfare Act 2002
        
        Animal Welfare (Scientific Purposes) Regulations 2003 - sets out animal welfare requirements for scientific research
- - - - provides methods of sorting to group similar organisms together
      - Importance:
        
        show patterns + trends to understand relationships
        
        analyse info about organisms
        
        allows biologist to communicate
        
        invasive species = identification is easier and accurate
    - - Carolus Linnaeus developed scientific naming system (1753)
      - Taxonomy = science of naming and classifying organisms
      - used physical/structural similarities to classify
      - created hierarchical system composed of 7 levels
    - - Domain
        
        Kingdom
        
        Phylum
        
        Class
        
        Order
        
        Family
        
        1 more item...
        
        Animalia (mammals) / Plantae (mosses) / Protista (amoebae) / Fungi (mushrooms)
        
        same
        
        Eukaryotes ( Eukarya)
        
        Prokaryotes (Archaea / Bacteria)
      - 1st Catergory: Living/Non-living
    - - (1) Genus (2) species
        
        Genus (capitalised) + same genus = closely related
        
        Species (lowercase, follows genus name; never written alone)
  - - - 4 Basic Groups
        
        Epithelial tissues
        
        cover surfaces of the body and line its cavities
        
        functions
        
        secretion
        
        absorption
        
        sensory
        
        transport
        
        cells = closely packed with little matrix material (intercellular material)
        
        cells rest on basement membrane
        
        no blood supply
        
        Connective tissue
        
        support framework + hold various bone structures together
        
        cells of connective tissue = separated by large amounts of intercellular material
        
        good blood supply
        
        Muscle tissues
        
        contractile proteins, actin and myosin = shorten and movement
        
        Nervous tissues
        
        neurones
        
        cells generate + transmit nerve impulses
        
        considerably in size and shape
        
        Glial cells (neuroglia)
        
        support, insulate and protect neurones
        
        Found in brain, spinal cord + nerves
      - A group of similar cells that work together to perform a common function
    - - Total magnification = occular * objective
      - diameter (HP) = (diameter (LP) * magnification (LP) / magnification (HP))
      - Objective size = size of FOV in um / no. of times object fits in FOV
      - Diagram Magnification = diagram size / actual size