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Muscular System--- Josue Lopez Per.2 - Coggle Diagram
Muscular System--- Josue Lopez Per.2
Major Functions
Temperature regulation & vision rely on muscular system
Allow movement, speaking, & chewing
Control heartbeat, breathing, & digestion
3 Types of Muscles
Skeletal
: movement of bones at joints, maintenance of posture, striated, voluntary movement
Cardiac
: pumping action of the heart, striated, involuntary movement, intercalated discs
Smooth
: movement of viscera, peristalsis, vasoconstriction, non-striated, involuntary movement
Skeletal Muscles
Anterior
Head
: frontalis, temporalis, orbicularis oculi (around eye) & oris (around mouth), zygomaticus, masseter, buccinator
Neck
: Sternocleidmastoid & trapezius
Torso
: pectoralis major & minor, serratus anterior, external oblique, rectus abdominus
Upper Limb
: deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, bracialis, brachioradialis, pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus
Pelvis
: ilioposoas, pectineus
Lower Limb
: Adductor Longus, Grailis, Sartorius, Vastus Lateralis, Rectus Femoris, Vastus Medialis, Tensor Fasciae Latae, Tibialis Anterior, Gastrocnemius, Fibularis Longus, Extensor Digitorum Longus, Soleus
Posterior
Head
: occipitalis
Neck
: Sternocleidmastoid & trapezius
Back
: trapezius, infraspinatus, Teres Major, Rhomboid Major, Latissimus Dorsi
Upper Limb
: tricep brachii, deltoid, barchioradialis, extensor digitorum, extensor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi ulnaris
Legs
: gluteus medius & gluteus maximus, adductor magnus, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, gracilis, gatrocnemius, soleus, fibularis loingus, Calcaneal tendon
Sarcomere
A Band
: contains both thick (myosin) & thin (actin) filaments
I zone
: thin (actin) filaments only
H zone
: contains thick (myosin) filaments only
Z Line
: divides the sarcomere
Neuromuscular Junction
Acetylcholine
: essential chemical in the process of muscle contraction/relaxation
Synaptic Vesicles
: structure that houses neurotransmitters
Motor End Plate
: specialized postsypnatic region of a muscle cell
Synaptic Cleft
: gap between neurons where neurotransmitters are released
Mitochondria
: regulates calcium, provides energy for which a muscle uses to function
Sliding Filament Theory
: theory that entails myosin filaments use energy from ATP to "walk" along actin filaments w/ cross bridges. Actin filaments are then pulled close together, which also pulls z lines closer together, shortening the sarcomere.
Action Potential in Muscle Fiber
: muscle action potential triggers sequence of steps which eventually result in contraction & relaxation of the muscles; known as the excitation-contraction-relaxation cycle
Step 1
: Calcium stored in the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum release and attach to Troponin on the Actin Filament
Step 2
: Myosin binding sites open up since Tropomyosin moves
Step 3
: myosin heads found in the myosin filaments connect to binding sites, causing muscle to contract
Step 4
: To relax muscle, ATP used to break connection and relax muscle
Muscle Coverings
Epimysium
: outermost layer of tissue that surrounds the entire muscle
Perimysium
: middle layer surrounding bundles of muscle fibers
Endomysium
: innermost layer surrounding individual muscle fibers
Muscle Diseases/Disorders
Muscular Dystrophy
: muscle weakness & atrophy
Risk Factors
: Genetic, Becker, Myotonic
Symptoms
: mental retardation, loss of strength, delayed motor skills
Treatment
: no known cures, surgery to improve function, physical therapy
Myositis
: inflammation of the muscle
Risk Factors
: infection, muscle trauma, autoimmune
Symptoms
: fatigue, rash, muscle weakness
Treatment
: medication, antibiotics, reduce inflammation
Fibromyalgia
: muscle pain
Risk Factors
: exact cause unknown, sleep disturbances, most common in women
Symptoms
: muscle pain, joint pain, fatigue pain
Treatment
: physical therapy, relaxation techniques, lifestyle change
Cerebral Palsy
: spastic paralysis causing muscle weakness
Risk Factors
: head injury, bleeding in the brain, premature birth
Symptoms
: paralysis, seizures, muscle tightness
Treatment
: no cure, physical therapy, medication for symptoms
Myasthenia Gravis
: neuromuscular disorder that blocks neurotransmitters
Risk Factors
: most common in women, autoimmune, age
Symptoms
: muscle weakness, facial paralysis (droopy eye), double vision
Treatment
: no known cure, medication, eye patch for double vision