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BBS GB 8 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Right Margin (Part of Right Atrium)
      - Left Margin (Left Ventricle and Auricle)
      - Superior Margin (Both Atria and Auricles)
      - Inferior Margin (Marked by Right Ventricle)
  - - - Right Atrium
      - Left Atrium
      - Right Ventricle
      - Left Ventricle
  - - - Base (Posterior Surface)
      - Diaphragmatic (Inferior Surface)
      - Sternocostal (Anterior Surface)
      - Left Pulmonary Surface
      - Right Pulmonary Surface
  - - - Atrioventricular Valves:
      - Tricuspid Valve (Right Atrium to Right Ventricle, Three Cusps)
      - Mitral Valve (Left Atrium to Left Ventricle, Two Cusps)
      - Semilunar Valves:
      - Pulmonary Valve (Right Ventricle to Pulmonary Trunk, Three Cusps)
      - Aortic Valve (Left Ventricle to Aorta, Three Cusps)
- - - - Specialized muscle in the heart.
      - Consists of cardiomyocytes.
      - One of three major muscle types in the body (alongside smooth and skeletal muscles).
    - - Contains myofibrils with sarcomeres.
      - Myofilaments include actin and myosin.
      - Mitochondria for energy production.
    - - Connect cardiomyocytes.
      - House gap junctions for electrical signal transmission.
      - Contain desmosomes for mechanical stress resistance.
    - - Branched cells forming a coordinated network.
      - Wave-like contractions facilitate pumping function.
      - Striated appearance due to alternating myosin and actin filaments.
    - - Operates involuntarily.
      - Controlled by specialized cardiac tissue with pacemaker cells.
      - Unlike skeletal muscles, which are under conscious control.
- - - - Originate from the aorta.
      - Branch into anterior interventricular, left circumflex, and right coronary arteries.
      - Supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle.
    - - Remove waste products from the heart muscle.
      - Drain into the coronary sinus.
      - Major veins: great cardiac vein, small cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, posterior cardiac vein.
      - Empty into the right atrium.
    - - Small, expandable blood vessels within the heart.
      - Provide an alternative route for blood flow.
      - Protect the heart muscle when coronary arteries narrow.
- - - - Sodium channels allow gradual depolarization.
      - Calcium channels open for rapid depolarization.
      - Repolarization occurs with potassium channels.
    - - Rapid depolarization, plateau phase, and repolarization.
      - Long refractory periods for effective blood pumping.
      - External impulses initiate depolarization, with a sequence of ion channel actions.
      - Repolarization follows, bringing the membrane potential back to resting levels.
- - - - Generates and distributes electrical impulses for coordinated contractions.
      - Regulates heartbeat timing with specific speeds.
    - - Sinoatrial (SA) Node:
        
        Heart's natural pacemaker.
      - Atrioventricular (AV) Node:
        
        Slows down impulses for ventricular filling.
      - Bundle of His:
        
        Extends from AV node, directs electrical cascade.
      - Bundle Branches:
        
        Divides Bundle of His, conveys signals to outer heart regions.
      - Purkinje Fibers:
        
        Web-like network ensuring coordinated impulse spread.
- - - - Non-invasive method for recording heart's electrical activity.
      - Crucial for diagnosing cardiovascular diseases and monitoring patients on medications.
      - Used in preoperative assessments, screening high-risk individuals, and studying drugs.
    - - Limb Leads:
        
        I, II, III, aVR, aVL, aVF.
      - Precordial Leads:
        
        V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6.
- - - - P Wave:
        
        Represents atrial depolarization during atrial systole.
        
        Irregularities signal potential issues with potassium levels and nerve activity.
      - QRS Complex:
        
        Signifies ventricular depolarization and contraction during ventricular systole.
        
        Abnormalities may indicate cardiac hypertrophy or myocardial infarctions.
      - T Wave and ST Segment:
        
        T wave reflects ventricular repolarization.
        
        ST segment represents the time between ventricular depolarization and repolarization.
    - - Severe arrhythmia with no identifiable P waves, QRS complexes, or T waves.
      - Causes rapid and irregular heartbeats, requiring immediate electrical resuscitation with an AED.
      - Associated with myocardial infarctions and heart failure, leading to weak and irregular heart contractions, inefficient blood circulation, and the risk of sudden cardiac death.
- - - - Atrial Fibrillation:
        
        Common, fast, irregular heart rate.
        
        Due to abnormal atrial electrical activity.
      - Commotio Cordis:
        
        Ventricular fibrillation from blunt heart trauma.
        
        Seen in young athletes, leading to sudden cardiac death.
      - Atrioventricular Block:
        
        Disruption in atria-to-ventricles impulse transmission.
        
        May lead to dangerous arrhythmias; complete block requires a pacemaker.
      - Right Bundle Branch Block:
        
        ECG finding, widened QRS complex.
        
        Predictive of mortality in myocardial issues and certain cardiac procedures.
      - Ventricular Tachycardia (V-tach or VT):
        
        Irregular electrical signals in ventricles.
        
        Causes fast, abnormal heart rate (usually 100 or more beats per minute).
- - - - SA node initiates impulse, activating AV node.
      - AV node transmits signals through Bundle of His.
      - Norepinephrine binds to beta adrenergic receptors.
    - - Norepinephrine activates beta receptors, modulating ion channels.
      - Leads to increased calcium release in heart muscle cells.
    - - Increased Inotropy: Stronger contractions.
      - Chronotropy Increase: Accelerated heart rate.
      - Lusitropy Enhancement: Improved diastolic relaxation.
      - Dromotropy Adjustment: Altered electrical impulse conduction.
- - - - Strong, muscular with three layers.
      - Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.
      - Designed to withstand high pressure.
    - - Thinner walls with three layers.
      - Have one-way valves to control blood flow.
      - Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
    - - Smallest blood vessels, single layer of cells.
      - Facilitate exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste.
      - Responsible for efficient exchange in organs and tissues.
- - - - Facilitates gas exchange (O2 in, CO2 out) in alveoli.
      - Oxygen enters blood, carbon dioxide is exhaled.
      - Lungs ventilate 5-8 liters of air per minute.
      - Exercise intensifies the process for increased energy.
      - Controlled by respiratory muscles.
    - - Oxygen moves from alveoli to capillaries.
      - Oxygenated blood travels to the body.
      - Deoxygenated blood returns to the lungs for gas exchange.
    - - Ventilation: Inhalation and exhalation.
      - Diffusion: Movement of gases between alveoli and capillaries.
      - Perfusion: Circulation's pumping of blood in the lungs.
    - - Respiratory and circulatory systems work together.
      - Deliver oxygen to body cells, remove carbon dioxide.
      - Small blood supply nourishes airways through bronchial arteries.
- - - - Carries lymph (fluid similar to blood plasma).
      - Supports immune response and fat absorption.
      - Drains excess fluids back into the bloodstream, preventing swelling.
      - Works closely with the circulatory system for homeostasis.
    - - Pulmonary Circulation:
        
        Between heart and lungs.
        
        Oxygenates blood, removes CO2.
        
        Right atrium to pulmonary arteries.
      - Systemic Circulation:
        
        Between heart and body.
        
        Supplies oxygen to cells, returns deoxygenated blood.
        
        Left ventricle to aorta.
- - - - Systolic Pressure:
        
        Top number, pressure during heart contraction.
      - Diastolic Pressure:
        
        Bottom number, pressure during heart relaxation.
      - Pulse Pressure:
        
        Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.
        
        Indicates pulsatile blood flow.
      - Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP):
        
        Average arterial pressure during one cardiac cycle.
        
        Important for organ perfusion and cardiovascular health.
- - - - Measures heartbeats per minute (bpm).
      - Normal range: 60-100 bpm.
      - Check by placing fingers on the wrist and counting beats for 30 seconds.
    - - Represents force of blood against artery walls.
      - Two numbers: Systolic (contraction) and diastolic (relaxation).
      - Measured in mm Hg using an inflatable cuff on the arm.
      - Typical range for adults: 90/60 mm Hg to 120/80 mm Hg.
- - - - Increased heart rate or stroke volume improves blood flow and raises blood pressure, while decreased cardiac output reduces arterial pressure.
    - - Veins, more compliant than arteries, expand to accommodate more blood; arterial stiffness reduces compliance, straining the heart.
    - - Hypovolemia lowers blood pressure, resulting from bleeding or dehydration, while hypervolemia raises blood pressure, often associated with heart failure or kidney disease.
    - - Blood thickness, influenced by conditions like anemia, affects resistance; lower viscosity promotes increased blood flow.
    - - Longer vessels increase resistance, reducing blood flow, while smaller diameters elevate resistance, decreasing blood flow.
- - - - Amount of blood returning from veins to atria, typically 5 liters per minute.
      - Peripheral venous pressure (8-10 mmHg) influences venous return, with a small pressure gradient to the right atrium.
      - Factors enhancing venous return include breathing, increased blood volume, venous wall tone, cardiac suction, venous valves, and skeletal muscle pump.
      - Increased venous pressure gradient, following the Frank-Starling mechanism, boosts preload and cardiac output through a stronger ventricular contraction.