Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Week 2 - Exploring Psych - Revision - Coggle Diagram
Week 2 - Exploring Psych - Revision
Psychodymaic Perspective
Free Association
Use of Hypnosis
Emphasis on the
unconsious
,
childhood sexuality
, and
agressive
inborn drives
Recalling and 'reliving ' improves symptoms
Idea that some 'illnesses' have a
psychological cause
.
Defence Mechanisms
: Psychological teqniques that help cope with aanxiety and the pain of traumatic expriences.
E.g
Represion
Other psychodyamic thinkers:
Jung, Klein
Jung
thought about childhood influencing us. and also thought. about. concepts. such as extraversion vs introversion
Klein
developed perspective, focused on how past experiences infleunce our lives took away untestabble concept.
Modern Psychodynamic Theory
Continues to explore how the
unconscious and consious
influence behavior.
Downplay
s hidden sexual/agressive motives and focuses on early family reelationships, social factprs and sense of self.
Object relations Theories
- focuses on how early experiences with caregivers shape viewes of self, others, and influence future relationships.
Behavioural perspective
Skinner
-"A person does not act upon the world, the world acts upon him."
Radical Behaviorism
: society can use environment to change behaviour in a beneficial way.
Focuses on
external environment
in governing our actions.
Origins
"Tabula Rasa" -
Locke
Classical conditioning -
Pavlov
Law of effect
-
Thorndike
: positive consequences will increase liklehood of a behaviour and vice-versa.
Ethical Issues
The monster study
Little Alber
t
Important
Behaviour modification
: Techniques aimed at decreasing problem behaviours and increasing positive behaviours by manipulating environmental factors.
Replace CR with relaxation
E.g fear plus pleasant music - associate fear with positive stimuli
Cognitive Behaviourism
Albert Bandura
Learning experiences and the environment influence our expectations and thoughts and in turn our thoughts influence how we behave.
Humanistic Perspective
-
Challenged psychodynamic theories :)
Emphasises free will,
personal growth
, and the attempt to
find meaning
in one's existence.
Self Actualization
- the inborn motive to reach ones full potential -
Maslow
Positive Psychology
Carl Rodgers
Emphasis on the study of
human strengths, fulfilment
and
optimal living
.
When the personality develops in in a
supportive environmen
t, the positive inner nature of the person emerges.
When
environment frustrates self actualisation
= misery and pathology.
:
Cognitive Perspective
Examines the
Nature of the mind
and
how mental processes influences behaviou
r.
Origins -
Gestalt psychology
- "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts."
Piaget
- cognitive development.
Vygotsky
- human language in cognitive development
Broadbent
(1958) - computer as a metaphor for the mind.
Chomsky
(1928) - language acquisition.
Modern Cognitive Perspective
Focuses on the study of
mental processes
: reasoning, decision-making, perception, language, problem-solving, memory, ect
Cognitive Neuroscience
: Field that uses electrical recording and brain-imaging techniques to examine brain activity while pople engage inn cognitive tasks.
Social Constructivism
: cognitive viewpoint that maintains that what we consider reality is largely our own mental creation.
Sociological Perspective
Examines how the social environment and cultural learning influence our behaviour, thoughts, and feelings.
Norms
: Rules that specify what behaviour i acceptable and expected for members of that group.
Socialisation
: the process by which culture is transmitted to new members and internalized by them.
Culture
: The enduring values, beliefs, behaviours, and traditions that ar shared by a large group of people and passed from one generaation to the next.
Behaviour Genetics
: The study of how behavioural tendencies are influenced by genetic factors, twin studiss.
Cross Cultural Psychology
Explores how culture is transmitted to its members and examines psychological similiarties and differencs among people from diverse cultures.
Indualism
- Emphasis on personal goals and self-identity based primarily on ones own attributes and achievements.
Collectivism
- Individual goals are subordinated to those of the group; personal identity is defined by extended family and other social groups.
Biological Perspective
Examines how brain processess and other bodily functions regulate behaviour.
Behavioural Neuroscience
-examines brain processes and other physiological functions that underlie our behaviour, sensory experiences, emotions, and thoughts.
Neurotransmitters
: chemicals realesed by nerve cell. that allow them to communicate with one another.
Evolutionary Psychology
- a growing discipline that seeks to explain how evolution shaped modern human behaviour.
Natural Selection
- If an inherited trait gives a certain advantages over others, these members will be more likley to survive and pass these characteristics off to their offspring.
