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The impact of Scots Emmigrants on the Empire - Coggle Diagram
The impact of Scots Emmigrants on the Empire
Australia
In the 1800's and 1900's many people migrated to Australia
Around 40,000 scots made the move
Scots had a reputation as hard workers, which made it easier to get jobs. This included being stonemasons, tradesmen such as joiners, engineers and toolmakers. Others took up roles such as lawyers.
Key role in the Farming Industry
John MacArthur, considered by many to be the main founder of Australia's sheep industry
Robert McCracken, moved from ayrshire to Austsralia and set up a brewing company which became one of the largest in the company
Scots in Australia had a new major imapct o their new home on issues such as
Politics
Many Scots played an active role in Australia politics, helping influence the country's government. Andrew Fisher of Ayrshire became Australian Prime Minister three times between 1908 and 1915. He also led the Australia Labour Party
Other Scots were involved in local politics. John Hunter, Lachlan Macquarie and Thomas Brisbane were governors of New South Wales. Macquarie has many streets named after him in Sydney and a city was named after Brisbane.
Emigrant Scots often named towns in Australia after locations in Scotland. This includes places such as Perth, Dundee and Ayr. Scots influence on towns and cities in Australia was not just limited to names. Many of the architects and builders who built parts of Australia came from Scotland, such as James Barnet and George McRae
Sport
The Scots also influenced Australia - and kept links with home- through the playing of sport. Highland games were played in Scottish communities, and other Scottish sports such as Shinty was also found in migrant communities.
Music
Scots also brought different types of music and poetry to Australia. Some emigrants set up Burns clubs and also held Burns supper each year. Also the famous Australia Song, Waltzing Matilda was written based on a Scottish tune.
Other clubs were established which allowed Scots to meet and remember their homelands, such as through music or food. Caledonian Societies and St. Andrew's appeared in different towns in Australia.
Education
Other Scots made the journey to work as teachers, or helped develop Australia's education system. Many Scottish emigrants opened schools ,such as Scots College in Sydney, set up for the children of farmers
Australian university education was also influenced by Scots. St Andrew's college in Sydney was founded by Scottish emigrants in 1867 ( to promote religious education). The college later become part of the Univeristy of Sydney
Religion
Scots travelled to Australia as missionaries trying to spread the Christian message. They often tried to convert native communities, or else they would set up churches to provide religious support to Scottish emigrants
John Dunmore Lang helped spread the Presbyterian church across Australia. He Initially arranged the building of one church in New South Wales, which gradually spread. Lang also supported education by opening a school.
Native Societies
There was extreme tensions between immigrants to Australia and the native peoples. The British gave native Australians the name aborigines, although this wasn't a name the natives used themselves.
Land arguments were the main cause of conflict between Scottish settlers and aborigines. Scots wanted land for farming and to build towns, but this meant taking Aborigine land, including often sacred and holy places.
Arguments were also caused when aborigines took animals being farmed by the Scots. All of this led to battles between Scots and aborigines. Many aborigines were killed by Scottish settlers as a result of this.
One infamous attack involving the two groups took place at Warrigal Creek in 1843. Twenty settlers - led by a Scottish emigrant called Angus MacMillan - Hunted down and killed at least 60 aborigines, and possibly up to 180
Disease was also an issue which cause problems for native Australian people. Many scots had diseases such as smallpox. Aborigines could not cope with the illnesses and large numbers died as a result of this.
Scottish emigrants also had a role in splitting up aborigine families. Some Scots believed it was their job to civilise the aborigines, whether by teaching them the Christian religion, or other actions such as learning to speak English
Large numbers of native Australian children were taken from their parents and sent to schools where they were taught European values. Governor Lachlan Macquarie set up the Native Institution to teach the Aboriginal children.
Children who went to the Native Institute were only allowed to see their parents once per year. Between 1869 and 1969, 100,000 Aboriginal children were forcibly taken from their families, most commonly never seeing them again.
Other Scots tried to influence their religious beliefs. Missions were set up to not only try and convert Aborigines to Christianity, but also allow emigrant Scots to continue their faith once overseas.
New Zealand
Over the time period of 1853-1920, 1.8 million people moved to New Zealand, with virtually all being British.
India
Scots did not travel to India in the same large numbers as they did elsewhere in Britain's Empire, but they still had a notable impact
Scots were attracted to India mainly due to business opportunities, trading products to be sold around the world. However others who went did so to be part of India's government, or were members of Britain's military
Economy and Enterprise
The Scots had a significant economic impact in India. Some moved there for work, but more became traders, buying and selling Indian produce. One British trading company became so large it eventually took over India's government
Some professional Scots were attracted to move to India, to provide their services to British governors and Businessmen. This includes Scottish doctors, lawyers, teachers and clergy, and also civil servants too.
The Scots built links with India over a number of years through trade. Many Scots travelled to India to buy products such as jute and tea which went back to Europe to be sold. These companies gradually increased their size and influence
Eventually this led to the creation of business that became hugely powerful in India - the East India Company. This company started to support trade between India and Britain, but it soon grew so powerful that it ruled India.
The East India Company was dominated by Scots. Henry Dundas led the company in the alte 1700s and other Scottish involvement included Scots making up one in nine civil servants and one in eleven
The East India Company eventually lost control of India after the Indian Mutiny in 1857. This saw the British government replace them to take over the running of India. This period of time is known as the British Raj.
Scots found work in India serving as soldiers in the British Army, including many from the Highlands. Sottish army regiments involved in the 1857 Indian Mutiny included the Regiment of Foot earning the nickname "petticoated devils".
Scottish trade with India included tea (which created jobs in India to grow the produce). Thomas Lipton, a Glasgow businessman, set up a tea company, selling his product throughout Europe and also the USA from 1890onwards.
Scottish banks played a major role in developing the Indian economy. Financial companies basaed in Scotland loaned huge amounts on money to allow investment in India, including in railway development, and also farming.
Scottish trade with India created huge profits for companies in Scotland. Almost all train engines in India were made in Glasgow. Jute mills in Dundee were the biggest in the world, using jute grown in India.
Scots had a major impact on the design and development of infrastructure in India. Alexander Kidd designed Calcutta's botanical gardens, whilst some Scottish engineers designed and built infrastructure in India
Culture and religion
Smaller numbers of Scots went to India compared with places such as Canada or Australia. As such Scotland's cultural impact is less than elsewhere, but still of significance, including politics, religion and education.
Transport and legal systems.
Many Scots were part of the Indian Civil Service, overseeing the running of transport and legal systems. Wealthy Scottish families often sent their well educated sons to work in India, hoping they would soon gain promotion.
Under British governance there were many changes made to India's infrastructure. This meant the building of railway lines and laos telegraph poles. This allowed more travel within India, and also encouraging more trade.
There were other Scottish influences too. Many Scots served as judges in the Indian justice system. Also Alexander Kidd designed Calcutta's Botanical Gardens, whilst some Scottish engineers designed and built infrastructure in India
Religion
Scottish missionaries set up churches across India
Politics
Undeniably a major Scottish influence in India concerned politics. Scots had helped run the East India company, and after this was replaced by the British Government, Scots continued to hold many senior roles.
The first three Governor-Generals of India were all Scottish. This was the head of Britain's government in India. A prominent Scottish example of Indian Governor-General is Lord Dalhousie.
Canada
During the 1800s and 1900s, Canada was a very popular destination for emigrant Scots, having a profound effect on Canadian development.
Scots went to Canada for various reasons. Many were escaping poverty and others believed Canada offered the chance of a better life. Some Scots were part of Britain's army, and others were sent to the Americas as prisoners
Economy and enterprise.
Working and brining their skills
Given the background of many emigrant, Scots, large numbers set up farms, or found work as farm workers Many had been attracted to Canada with the promise of free or cheap land
Industrial workers from Scotland were also attracted to Canada. The country's growing factory, mining and steel industries needed more employees, especially those with experience. this again made the Scots attractive employees.
Some professional Scots were also attracted to make the journey across the Atlantic. People such as teachers, doctors and lawyers were needed in order to properly colonise Canada, and they could often earn higher wages.
Setting up businesses
A large number of Scots who moved to Canada to set up their own businesses, making themselves wealthy and creating jobs for other people. It is estimated that up to 50% of business leaders in Canada in the late 1880's were of Scottish Origin
timber businesses were set up by scots, and others worked in the industry, cutting down and preparing logs. Others worked on the ships that transported the wood in Europe.
The fur trade in Canada was dominated by the Hudson's Bay Company. This often violent trade involved large numbers of Scots, especially people from Orkney. Large numbers of animals (including beavers) were killed for their fur.
Helping build infrastructure across the country
Scots played a major role in Canada's financial industry. Wealthy scots were involved in setting up banks and investment companies. A prominent example includes George Stephen, President of the Bank of Montreal
George Stephens most famous act was to provide the finance for the Canadian Pacific railroad that linked both of Canada's coasts. Many scots worked on the railroads, construction and also its design
Scots influenced Canada, on issues such as
Religion
Many Scots had left their homeland in order to spread the christian faith. Other simply wanted to continue their worship after emigrating. Scots built numerous churches (including Presbyterian ones) which are found across Canada
Politics
Scots played a significant role in politics in their new home. Some became involved in local and National Politics, including Canada's first Prime Minister, John A Macdonald ( who left glasgow as a boy to move to Canada)
Other Scots found political roles, including William Mackenzie who tried to set up a Republic of Canada. his grandson, William King, went on to become Canada's longest serving Prime Minister (from 1935 until 1948)
Education
Some schools which were set up by Scots also included religious element, again focused on fellow emigrants. Other Scottish people in Canada acted as missionaries, trying to convert native people to Christianity
Names and Languages
Music and literature
Sport