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Amy Gonzalez Period 5 The Muscular System - Coggle Diagram
Amy Gonzalez
Period 5
The Muscular System
Major Functions of the Muscular System
Generate Heat
Heat is generated when muscles contract
Maintain Posture
Muscles allow for body to be able to stand upright
Stabalize Joints
Produce Movement
Responsible for all locomotion & manipulation
Muscle Coverings
Perimysium
surrounds fascicles
Endomysium
surrounds each singular fiber
Epimysium
Outermost layer; surrounds entire muscle
Names of Skeletal Muscles
Anterior
Neck
Sternohyoid
Traperius
Sternocleidomastoid
Chest
Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis Minor
Head
Frontalis
Temporalis
Orbicularis Occuli
Zygomaticus
Masseter
Orbicularis Oris
Abdomen
Serratus Anterior
Internal Oblique
External Oblique
Rectus Abdominis
Arms
Deltoid
Biceps Brachii
Brachialis
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
Flexor Capri Radius
Pamaris Longus
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Extensor Carpi Radius Longus
Legs
Vastus Lateralis
Rectus Femoris
Adductor Longus
Vastus Medialis
Pectineus
Patellar Ligament
Sartorious
Tibialis Anterior
Iliopsoas
Gracilis
Gastrocnemius
Fibularis Longus
Soleus
Extensor Digitorium Longus
Posterior
Back
Trapezius
Infraspinatus
Rhomboid
Latissimus Dorsi
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Maximus
Arms
Triceps Brachi
Extensor Digitorium
Head
Occipitalis
Legs
Adductor Magnus
Semitendinosus
Biceps Femoris
Semimenranosus
Sarcomere
H zone: lighter region in middle of dark A band
M line: line of protein (myomesin) that bisects H zone vertically
A-bands: dark regions
I bands: lighter regions
Z disc: coin-shaped sheet of proteins on midline of light I band
Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction
States that during contraction, thin filaments slide past thick filaments, causing actin & myosin to overlap more
When the nervous system stimulates muscle fiber, myosin heads are allowed to bind to actin, which form cross bridges and causes contraction to begin
3 Types of Muscles & Their Functions
Cardiac
Lines the walls of the heart
Smooth
Lines unitary muscle in walls of hollow organs other than the heart, eye muscles, airways, and large arteries
Skeletal
Attached to bones or some facial muscles to skin
Action Potential in a Muscle Fiber
Depolarization
Generation and propagation of an action potential; when AP spreads across sarcolemma from one voltage- gated Na+ channel to next one to depolarize
Generation of End Plate Potential
ACh binds to ACh receptors; Na+ diffuses into while K+ diffuses out the muscle fiber; Na+ becomes less negative but remains positive which is relative negativity
Repolarization
Restoration of resting conditions; brings cell back to initial resting membrane voltage
Neuromuscular Junction
Events
2.) Voltage-gates calcium channels open, calcium enters motor neuron
3.) Calcium entry causes release of ACh neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
1.) AP arrives at axon terminal
4.) ACh diffuses across to ACh receptors (Na+ chemical gates) on sarcolemme
5.) ACh binding to receptors, open gates, allowing Na+ to enter resulting in end plate potential
6.) Acetylcholinesterase degrades ACh
Disorders
Myasthenia Gravis
Description: Neuromuscular disorder that blocks neurotransmitters
Causes or Risk Factors: Autoimmune, possible tumor of the thymus, age
Symptoms: Muscle weakness, shortness of breath, swallowing and chewing difficulty
Treatment Options: No known cure; medications, thymectomy
Cerebral Palsy
Causes or Risk Factors: Brain injury or abnormality, hypoxia, premature birth, brain infections
Symptoms: Mild to severe, delayed development, muscle tightness, abnormal gait
Description: Spastic paralysis causing muscle weakness
Treatment Options: No cure; medicataion for symptoms, physical therapy
Fibromyalgia
Description: Muscle pain
Causes or Risk Factors: Exact cause is unknown; physical trauma, infection; more common in women
Symptoms: Muscle pain, tender points, joint pain, stiffness
Treatment Options: Physical therapy, exercise regimen, massage
Myositis
Causes or Risk Factors: Autoimmune, infection, muscle trauma
Symptoms: Muscle weakness, swelling, tenderness, muscle damage
Description: Inflammation of the muscle
Treatment Options: Medication, antibiotics, reduce inflammation
Muscular Dystrophy
Description: Muscle weakness & atrophy
Causes or Risk Factors: Genetic; Different types depending on mutation; Duchenne; Becker
Symptoms: Mental retardation, muscle weakness, eyelid drooping, loss of strength
Treatment Options: No known cure; physical therapy, medication