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design of processes (pg.139) - Coggle Diagram
design of processes (pg.139)
key concept- process flow
smoother the flow the more efficient the process is likely to be
concept- process choice pg 142
based on the idea that volume and variety drive configuration
8 process choice types
project processes pg143
produce one-off unique outputs
software development, construction
jobbing processes pg143
dealing with low volumes of output
more dedicated resources
uncertainties
how much time work will take
batch processes pg143
very high proportion of manufacturing
60% performed as batch production
equipment set to produce one batch of product
mass processes pg144
high-volume consumer goods
large numbers in small range of varietes
controlled and restricted to minor changes
high capital equipment need to earn its return on investment
professional services pg144
architects,auditos,lawyers
low volumes but highly customised
service shops pg.144
deal with inherent variability
supermarket
offer high levels of volume and less variety
give customer flexibillity
mass services pg145
high volumes and allow work, and customers to progress through the system steadily
security check
large numbers of people
little variation to process
continuous processes pg.144
high-volume facilities
oil refineries
operate 24hrs a day
challenge
maintain supply of raw materials
a step-based approach to process design pg139
product design
series of logical steps, each of which addresses a specific question about the organisation
4 separate steps pg.140
understanding the design factors (1)
influenced by 2 factors
operations performance objectives
quality
speed
cost
volume of work
Slack (2010) four "V"s influence operations designs
volume
fast food- large volumes of identical items
repeatability
standardisation
variety pg141
typical variety
complexity
adds cost
requires more skill
high variety
limits of automation
variation (in demand) pg141
same volume of in-put per hour
in demand products
fireworks
visibility pg141
separation between consumer and process itself
advantages
efficiency
smooth running
process choice (2)
high-level decisions about how resources are organised
5 different ways of arranging resources
driven by the volume of work
layout choice (3)
high-level decisions on how resources are grouped in general terms
detailed design (4)
how much equipment is needed, how many people there are
mass customization as a way to achieve high volume and variety pg146
process choice concept embeds the idea of trade-offs in process design
produce goods with high variety but not in high volume
layout choice pg148
four basic types of layout
fixed position layout pg148
take place away from the organisations own facillities
material based processes
moving resources to customers
challenges
not always easy to move resource
less control over the environment
functional layout pg149
general hospital
clustered into department
advantages
people do not need to wonder around the whole facility
scheduling is often simplified
makes the process more robust
quite flexible
disadvantages pg150
journeys can be complex and lengthy and slow
can't easily judge how long it will take for work to flow
product layout pg150
work flows through with minimal unnecessary travel
designed around the steps needed to produce the product/service
self-service cafeteria
advantages
clear flow
efficiency
good visibility
main disadvantage
restricted flexibilty
difficult to increase capacity
hybrid and mixed layout pg.151
series of small-scale flow lines are created
flexible enough to cope with different varieties of product
tool to use for existing layout or one in planning stage
spaghetti diagram
track how materials, staff or customers make their way through the layout