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Functional-Notional Approach -
The functional-notional approach (FNA),…
Functional-Notional Approach -
The functional-notional approach (FNA), which arose in the 1970s and was most influential during the 1980s, was an early systematic attempt to reshape traditional syllabi to serve communicative needs directly.
Grammar-translation (GT), the oldest of these
approaches, had been used for centuries as a method of learning to read and
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So-called direct methods,
which had arisen generations earlier in reaction to GT, emphasized speaking and
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Grammar-translation (GT), the oldest of these
approaches, had been used for centuries as a method of learning to read and
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So-called direct methods,
which had arisen generations earlier in reaction to GT
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Kingdom) and its transatlantic cousin, the audio-lingual method, were based in
behaviorist learning theory and also emphasized accuracy at the expense of fluency. All of these approaches operated from grammatical syllabi
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followers, which regards language as an integrated social-semiotic system rather
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and, in its purest form, held that the basic units of language should be seen as
purposive acts with conditions for use. An additional (if unacknowledged) influence may have been the approach taken in traditional phrasebooks for travelers,
whose direct, practical value was well-attested; FNA is above all centered on
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Kingdom) and its transatlantic cousin, the audio-lingual method, were based in
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