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Energy, Enzymes and Metabolism, inhibition - Coggle Diagram
Energy, Enzymes and Metabolism
Energy
ability to promote change or do work
Kinetic Energy
associated with movement
Potential Energy
due to structure or location
Chemical energy
the energy in molecular bonds, is a form of potential energy
Metabolism
Catabolic
Breakdown cellular components
Anabolic
Synthesis cellular component
Regulation of metabolic pathways
Cellular regulation
Biochemical regulation
Gene regulation
Laws of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be transformed from one type to another
“Law of conservation of energy”
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Transfer of energy from one form to another increases the entropy (degree of disorder) of a system
As entropy increases, less energy is available for organisms to use to promote change
ΔG=ΔH-TΔS
ΔG= -ve= exergonic= spontaneous= energy released
ΔG= +ve= endergonic= nonspontaneous= energy required
Spontaneous reaction
occurs without additional energy
Coupled reaction
endergonic and exergonic reaction
enzyme
Protein catalysts in living
cells
lowers Activation
energy
Straining bonds in reactants
Changing local environment
Initial input of energy
to start the reaction
Positioning reactants together
Ribozymes
RNA molecule with
catalytic properties
Catalyst
Substance speeds up the rate of chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction
Recycling of Organic
Molecules
Proteasome: A large complex that breaks down proteins using protease enzymes Proteases cleave bonds between amino acid Ubiquitin tags target proteins to the proteasome to be broken down and recycled Ubiquitin tagging allows the cell to: degrade improperly folded proteins rapidly degrade proteins to respond to changing
cell conditions
Lysosomes: contain hydrolases to break down proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids Digest substances taken up by endocytosis Autophagy – recycling worn out organelles using an autophagosome
mRNA Degradation: Exonucleases – enzymes cleave off nucleotides from end Exosome – Multiprotein complex
uses exonucleases
inhibition
Noncompetitive
Inhibitor binds to allosteric site
Lowers Vmax without KM
competitive
• Molecule binds to active site
KM increases