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Important structures - Coggle Diagram
Important structures
Abdomen and pelvis
- Stomach: The stomach is a sac-like organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen. It is responsible for breaking down food and mixing it with digestive juices.
- Small intestine: The small intestine is the longest part of the digestive system and is located in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen. It is responsible for absorbing nutrients from food.
- Large intestine: The large intestine is located in the lower left quadrant of the abdomen. It is responsible for absorbing water and forming solid waste.
- Liver: The liver is a large organ located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen. It is responsible for producing bile, which helps to digest fats, and filtering toxins from the blood.
- Gallbladder: The gallbladder is a small, sac-like organ located beneath the liver. It is responsible for storing bile until it is needed to help digest fats.
- Pancreas: The pancreas is a gland located behind the stomach. It is responsible for producing enzymes that help to digest food and regulating blood sugar levels.
- Spleen: The spleen is an organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It is responsible for filtering blood and producing immune cells.
- Kidneys: The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back. They are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and regulating water balance in the body.
- Ureters: The ureters are two tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder. They are responsible for carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
- Bladder: The bladder is a muscular sac located in the lower abdomen. It is responsible for storing urine until it is eliminated from the body.
- Urethra: The urethra is a tube that connects the bladder to the outside of the body. It is responsible for carrying urine out of the body during urination.
- Cecum: The cecum is a pouch located at the beginning of the large intestine. It is responsible for storing undigested food until it is eliminated from the body.
- Appendix: The appendix is a small, tube-like structure located near the cecum. Its exact function is not fully understood, but it is thought to be involved in the immune system.
- Colon: The colon is the final part of the large intestine. It is responsible for absorbing water and forming solid waste.
- Rectum: The rectum is the final part of the digestive system. It is responsible for storing solid waste until it is eliminated from the body during defecation.
- Diaphragm: The diaphragm, which is also located in the chest, extends into the abdomen and helps to separate the abdominal organs from the chest cavity. It is responsible for breathing by contracting and flattening during inhalation and relaxing during exhalation.
- Peritoneum: The peritoneum is a thin, sac-like membrane that lines the inside of the abdominal cavity and covers the organs. It is responsible for lubricating the surfaces of the organs during movement and protecting them from injury.
- Mesentery: The mesentery is a fold of peritoneum that attaches the small intestine and other organs to the abdominal wall. It is responsible for supporting the organs and allowing them to move during digestion.
- Hepatic portal vein: The hepatic portal vein is a large vein that carries blood from the digestive organs (stomach, small intestine, and spleen) to the liver. It is responsible for delivering nutrients to the liver for processing.
- Superior mesenteric artery: The superior mesenteric artery is a large artery that supplies blood to the small intestine and other organs in the abdomen. It is responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to these organs.
- Inferior mesenteric artery: The inferior mesenteric artery is a large artery that supplies blood to the large intestine and other organs in the abdomen. It is responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to these organs.
- Renal arteries: The renal arteries are a pair of large arteries that supply blood to the kidneys. They are responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the kidneys and carrying away waste products.
- Renal veins: The renal veins are a pair of large veins that carry blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava. They are responsible for carrying away waste products and delivering oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
- Urethral sponge: The urethral sponge is a structure located near the prostate gland in males. It is responsible for helping to control urination by regulating the flow of urine.
- Prostate gland: The prostate gland is a gland located near the bladder in males. It is responsible for producing a fluid that helps to nourish and protect sperm.
- Uterus: The uterus is a muscular organ located in the pelvis of females. It is responsible for carrying and nourishing a developing fetus during pregnancy.
- Ovaries: The ovaries are a pair of organs located in the pelvis of females. They are responsible for producing eggs and producing hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle.
- Fallopian tubes: The fallopian tubes are a pair of tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus. They are responsible for carrying eggs from the ovaries to the uterus for fertilization.
- Vagina: The vagina is a muscular tube that connects the cervix to the outside of the body. It is responsible for carrying sperm during sexual intercourse and delivering a baby during childbirth.
- Cervix: The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is responsible for regulating the flow of menstrual blood and helping to deliver a baby during childbirth.
- Urethra (female): The urethra in females is a tube that connects the bladder to the outside of the body. It is responsible for carrying urine out of the body during urination.
- Pelvic floor muscles: The pelvic floor muscles are a group of muscles located at the bottom of the pelvis. They are responsible for supporting the organs in the pelvis and controlling urination and defecation.
- Rectus abdominis muscles: The rectus abdominis muscles are a group of muscles located in the abdomen. They are responsible for supporting the abdominal organs and helping to stabilize the body during movement.
- Obliquus abdominis muscles: The obliquus abdominis muscles are a group of muscles located on the sides of the abdomen. They are responsible for supporting the abdominal organs and helping to stabilize the body during movement.
- Transversus abdominis muscles: The transversus abdominis muscles are a group of muscles located in the lower abdomen. They are responsible for supporting the abdominal organs and helping to stabilize the body during movement.
- Diaphragmatic crura: The diaphragmatic crura are two tendinous bands that attach the diaphragm to the pelvic bones. They are responsible for supporting the abdominal organs and helping to stabilize the body during movement.
- Umbilicus: The umbilicus, also known as the belly button, is the scar left over from the umbilical cord that connected the fetus to the mother during pregnancy. It is located in the center of the abdomen.
- Umbilical arteries: The umbilical arteries are a pair of arteries that carry blood from the fetus to the placenta during pregnancy. They are responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus.
- Umbilical vein: The umbilical vein is a large vein that carries blood from the fetus to the liver during pregnancy. It is responsible for carrying away waste products and delivering oxygenated blood to the developing fetus.
- Hepatic ducts: The hepatic ducts are a pair of tubes that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine. They are responsible for delivering bile, which helps to digest fats, to the small intestine.
- Bile duct: The bile duct is a tube that connects the hepatic ducts to the small intestine. It is responsible for carrying bile from the liver to the small intestine for digestion.
- Pancreatic duct: The pancreatic duct is a tube that connects the pancreas to the small intestine. It is responsible for carrying digestive enzymes from the pancreas to the small intestine for digestion.
Chest
- Heart: The heart is a muscular organ located in the chest, slightly to the left of the body's midline. It is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.
- Lungs: The lungs are located in the chest cavity, one on each side of the body. They are responsible for breathing and exchanging gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) with the environment.
- Trachea (windpipe): The trachea is a tube that connects the throat (pharynx) to the lungs. It is responsible for carrying air to and from the lungs during breathing.
- Bronchi: The bronchi are the two main airways that branch off from the trachea and lead into the lungs. The bronchi are responsible for carrying air to and from the lungs during breathing.
- Diaphragm: The diaphragm is a large, dome-shaped muscle located at the bottom of the chest cavity. It is responsible for breathing by contracting and flattening during inhalation and relaxing during exhalation.
- Ribcage: The ribcage, also known as the thoracic cage, is made up of 12 pairs of ribs that surround and protect the organs in the chest.
- Intercostal muscles: The intercostal muscles are located between the ribs and are responsible for breathing by contracting and expanding the ribcage during inhalation and exhalation.
- Pericardium: The pericardium is a thin, sac-like membrane that surrounds the heart. It is responsible for protecting the heart and limiting its movement within the chest cavity.
- Pleura: The pleura is a thin, sac-like membrane that lines the inside of the chest cavity and covers the lungs. It is responsible for lubricating the surfaces of the lungs and chest cavity during breathing.
- Phrenic nerve: The phrenic nerve is a nerve that originates in the neck and travels to the diaphragm. It is responsible for controlling the diaphragm's contraction and relaxation during breathing.
- Vena cava: The vena cava is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the body's lower half to the heart. It is located in the chest cavity and is surrounded by the ribcage and other structures.
- Arteries: The chest contains several arteries, including the aorta (the largest artery in the body), which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Other arteries in the chest include the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, and the subclavian arteries, which branch off from the aorta and supply blood to the upper extremities.
Neck
- Cervical vertebrae: The neck is made up of seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7), which are smaller and more mobile than the vertebrae in the lower back. These vertebrae support the head and enable movement such as nodding, tilting, and rotating.
- Cervical discs: Between each cervical vertebra is a rubbery disc filled with fluid. These discs act as shock absorbers, allowing the neck to move smoothly and preventing excessive wear and tear on the vertebrae.
- Cervical spine ligaments: The neck is held together by several ligaments, including the anterior longitudinal ligament, the posterior longitudinal ligament, and the interspinous ligaments. These ligaments provide stability to the neck and prevent excessive movement.
- Cervical nerve roots: Each cervical vertebra has a nerve root that exits the spinal canal and travels to different parts of the body. These nerve roots are responsible for sensory and motor function in the neck, shoulders, and upper extremities.
- Carotid arteries and jugular veins: The carotid arteries and jugular veins are located in the neck and are responsible for carrying blood to and from the brain. The carotid arteries carry oxygenated blood to the brain, while the jugular veins carry deoxygenated blood away from the brain.
- Trachea and esophagus: The trachea, also known as the windpipe, and the esophagus, which carries food from the mouth to the stomach, are located in the neck. These structures are protected by the cervical vertebrae and surrounding muscles.
- Thyroid gland: The thyroid gland, which produces hormones that regulate metabolism, is located in the neck, just below the Adam's apple. The thyroid gland is protected by the sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles.
- Larynx (voice box): The larynx, which houses the vocal cords, is located in the neck. The larynx is responsible for producing sound and protecting the airway during swallowing.
- Pharynx (throat): The pharynx, which connects the nose and mouth to the esophagus and trachea, is located in the neck. The pharynx is responsible for swallowing and protecting the airway during swallowing.
- Cervical lymph nodes: The neck contains several lymph nodes, which are part of the immune system. These lymph nodes help to filter and remove bacteria and other foreign substances from the body.