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SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - Coggle Diagram
SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Oil extraction in US (mid-19th century) and invention of combustion engine led to fuel cars in 1885.
New energy sources emerged and were developed. Gramme’s industrial dynamo in 1869 made possible to generate electricity. Alternator and transformer (1897) made possible to transport electric current.
CAPITALISM
Economic system in which the means of productionare predominantly privately owner
Objective:pursuit of maximum profit
ADVANTAGES: Free market, Equal opportunities and Private property
DISADVANTAGES: Inequality among people, damage the enviroment and Basic need no guarantee
It brought: LONG WORKING HOURS (16/18 hours per day)
-No social insurance
-Lack of decent working conditions
-children labour
-low salaries
-Free dismissal
-Lack of paid holidays and free days
-Prohibition of workers associations
A NEW WAY OF ORGANISING PRODUCTION
Fordism:The industrial worker had to work at a pace dictated by the speed of the assembly line. Work was repetitive and often exhausting
MASS PRODUCTION: Increase productivity and reduce time take to make things and lower manufacturing costs using an assembly line.
BANKING AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
The high capital investment required for technological innovations stimulated the relationship between banking and industry, and banks started to fund the industrial process.
Industry was becoming concentrated in fewer companies,which were getting bigger and bigger. In order to restrict competition, the major companies signed agreements to set prices and establish areas of influence. This led to the creation of cartels, trusts, holdings and monopolies (the exclusive rights of companies to sell a product).
TRADE DOMINATION AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
In the late 19th century, industrialised countries dominated world trade. Europe carried out half of the world’s exports and received three quarters of the world’s imports. It also controlled shipping routes, the major commercial ports (London, Antwerp,Hamburg and Marseilles) and had large fleets and stock markets.
The increased volume of trade was made possible by advances in transport (transcontinental railways, the opening of the Suez and Panama canals (in 1869 and 1914, respectively)
SUFFRAGETTE MOVEMENT
By the 1890’s no countries allowed women to vote. Many men and women thought that women’s suffrage was too radical. They didn’t have the mental ability to be involved in politics.
WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE: It refers to the movement that appeared at the end of the 19th century that demanded the right to vote for women.
AGE OF IMPERIALISM
It refers to the political doctrine that defends the cultural, economic and political domination of some countries over others. It was a process that lasted from 1870 to 1914.
Economic causes
NEW MARKETS WERE SOUGHT FOR SELLING THE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
RAW MATERIALS FOR THE GROWING INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
CHEAP LABOUR FORCE
TERRITORIES WHERE THE EXCESS OF CAPITAL COULD BE INVESTED
Demographic causes
Europe’s population saw unprecedented growth from the 19th c to the start of the 20th c. Despite the economic growth caused by the Industrial Revolution, there was a surplus population, especially of peasants who had been displaced from their land and had little chance of finding work.
Cultural and ideological causes
PATERNALISTIC THEORY—-> The moral obligation to civilise the uncivilised christianity should be spread, education, development
RACIST THEORIES—-> Some people were fitter (more advanced) than others. (social darwinism) . Europenas, as the white race, were dominant and it was only natural for them to conquer the inferior.