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Robots & Autonomous Technologies - Coggle Diagram
Robots & Autonomous Technologies
Robot
a programmable machine that can complete a set of task with little or no human intervention
Types of Robots
industrial robots
replaces many human workers on the prodcution line
service robots
robots developed to assist on completing task that are less desirable such as dull, dirty or dangerous jobs
domestic & professional use
types
personal service robots
can be programmed complete the task and work autonomously.
eg: robot vacuum cleaners.
virtual personal assistant
voice controlled helpers mainly found in smart speaker or moblie phone
eg: Google home, Amazon Echo
professional service robots
commercial use
semi or fully autonomous robots developed to assist humans in a commercial setting.
safety of workers and efficiency of robots are considered
eg: Flippy
social robots
designed to interact and communicate with humans in a socially acceptable manner
can be programmed to perform many task, but lacks empathy or emotion (x always responsd appropriately to unknown situation)
in demand in customer service and home companion for elderly people
eg : Jibo & Aerobot
IoT
sensors are added to components to collect even more data to be analyzed to increase the efficiency of production line/services
autonomous vehicles
a vehicle that has the ability to drive itself and operate without human intervention
has different levels of autonomy
Level 1; 0 automation. includes cruise control & warning signs
Level 1; drivers assistance; adaptive cruise control & lane keep assistance
Level 2; partial automation; controlled steering & speed, drivers need to put hand on wheel
Level 3; conditional automation; can drive themselve but passenger must sit on drivers sear
Level 4; High automation; no steering wheel or pedal (no human) but can only operate on certain weather conditions
Level 5; Full automation; highest level of automation & no restriction
obstacles to overcome
sensors
bas weather, heavy traffic & road signs w graffitti provide a challenge for these vehicles
machine learning
used by automated vehicles to detect and classify objects in car paths.
industry agreement on standard training & testing AI is a challenge
deep learning
industry must determine how to ensure that a vehicle continues to be sfae as it learns
regulations and standards
government & manufacturers
regulations and standards are requiredto alow autonomous vehicles to operate on public roads
international standards need to be considered so that they can operate across borders
social acceptability.
high profile accidents happens w autonomous vehicles & obtaining community trust is an issue
drones
a remote controlled or autonomous flying robot
uses
delivery
surveillence
search & rescue operations
personal use to capture footage
purposes
flight
lightweight, have propellors and need enough power
navigation
GPS to communicate exact location
Characteristics
sensory input
vision
digital camera - acts as eyes
infrared sensors - determine how far away an object is
GPS - inform exact location
lidar (light detection & ranging) - shape & cotour of ground
sonar (sound navigation & ranging) - measure depth of water
radar (radio detection & ranging) - detect moving objects and map shape of environment
light sensor s to detect day or night
hearing
microphone used to collect sounds, converted to leectric signals for porcessing
combined with voice recognition, robot can understand
smell & taste
chemical sensor collects data and converts to electrical signal & uses pattern ecognition to identofy origin of smell
food tasting robot might use a pH sensor
touch
pressure sensors - determine how strong a robot has on an object so it does not drop or break
capacitive touch sensor - detects on object or human touch that conducts electricity
logically reason input with machine vision
robots with basic AI can solve problems in limited domain
reinforcement learning
enables robots to learn, improve and adapt to their environment
machine vision has improved depth and image recognition
ability to move and interact in physical environments
parts
actuator
a device that moves or controls some form of mechanism
include an electric motor, a hydraulic system or pneumatic system
end effector
a mechanical or electromechanical peipheral device that can be used to grip object and attach tools or sensors
grippers - allows robots to pick up and manipulate objects
process tools- tools for completing a specific task, eg: painting weilding
demonstration of some degree of autonomy
semi autonomous robots
have some level of intelligence
able to react to certain conditions w/o needing to be directed all the time
sometimes requires human intervention, to change settings
fully autonomous robots
operates independently
can accomplish more tasks and are more mobile
restricted to one working environment, but as technology advances, they cam become more adaptable & more autonomous
Evolution
early forms of robots & autonomous technologies
1500BC with Egyptian water clocks
400BC when Archytas build steam powered mechanical bird
1948, William Walter build Elmer an& Elsie, autonomous robots shaped liked turtle with 3 wheels
1958, Charles Rosen @ Stanford developed Shakey, who can make simple responses to its environment.
robots in sci-fi and philosophy
introduced by Karel Capek in 1921
1941, Isaac Assimov wrote three laws of robots
A robot must not injure a human being
A robot must obey orders given by humans, except when it conflicts with law 1
A robot must protect its own existence as long it does not conflict with Law 1
machine conciousness, cognitive robotics and robot rights
it is assumed that robots with weak AI do not have conciousness and can only stimulate intelligence,
cognitive robots
aims tio create robots with human-like intelligence
goal ; to create robots that can percieve their environment, plan what they will do and deal with uncertainty of real world by continuous learning.
once robots become more sophisticates, the rights of robots are becoming a serious matter of debate.
Dillemas
anthropomorphism & uncanny valley
anthromorphism
attributing human characteristics to non-human entities
uncanny valley
the phenomenon of eerie, unsettling feeling that people get when they interact with lifelike humaniod robots.
eg : sophia is creepy
the more lifelike a robots is is more accepted in certain situations
eg : autistic children respond better to more lifelike robots
more effective in training situations
however, if too life-like, it will be less accepted in society.
complexity of human & environment interactions
developing a robot to work alongside unpredictable humans that are constantly changing is extremely challenging.
cobots
robots designed to worl alongside humans and augment their capabilities
need to understand human emotions, language and behaviour
ueven and underdeveloped laws, regulations and governence
it is an issue to minimize privacy and security risk
eg: data used to train robots can be misused
ownership of data. who owns it??????
displacement of humans in multiple contexts and roles
robots will replace jobs on production line
physical tasks that are repetitive & in predicted environment
eg: food industry
working alongside humans in service industry
involves interpersonal work
eg: medical assistance